“…It applies mainly to durable products that are placed into service for some period of time and then retired or discarded. There are several automotive components that have potential for multiple life-cycles, such as clutches, brake shoes, engine block, starters, alternators, water pumps and carburettors [37,69]. Besides that, the remanufacturing of automotive products is an effective strategy to promote sustainability in the automotive industry because, compared to new products, remanufactured products only cost 50% of the cost for new products, utilise 60% of energy and 70% [70], Therefore, an engine was used as a case example in this study.…”