Initiation and movement of a rock avalanche in the Tibetan Plateau, China: insights from field observations and numerical simulations

Proportioning Test on the Similar Materials of the Rock Mass Physical Model Test Considering Seepage and Dynamic Characteristics

“…The hydrodynamic properties, dynamic properties, and basic physical parameters of the material were fully studied. The developed similar materials have a wide range of parameters, with densities ranging from 1.597 to 2.261 g/cm 3 . The compressive strength is 121.8~1771.5 kPa; the elastic modulus 4.63~100.65 MPa; the cohesion is 20.95~358.85 kPa; the internal friction angle is 9.21~49.55 • ; the softening coefficient is 0.22~0.98; the permeability coefficient is 1.07 × 10 −9 ~4.28 × 10 −6 m/s; the dynamic elastic modulus is 2.56~9.36 GPa; and the dynamic Poisson's ratio ranges from 0.195 to 0.271.…”

“…In the process of development, each project also gradually encountered some complex engineering geological problems (hydraulic-dynamic coupling problems) [2]. For example, traffic construction has gradually shifted from plain areas to mountainous, hilly, and coastal areas [3]. Tunnels in mountainous areas often face complex geological structures, frequent earthquakes, and concentrated heavy rainfall phenomena [4,5] which are prone to problems such as water inrush and landslides.…”

Modified Mohr–Coulomb criterion for nonlinear strength characteristics of rocks

“…5,6 Rock avalanches as typical of these disasters are common occurrences, and are characterized by extremely high velocities, substantial volumes, and dire death consequences. 7 For example, the Yigong avalanche occurred in southeast Tibet in 2000, formed a debris dam that blocked the Yigong River for 62 days, 8 the Jiweishan avalanche in 2011 caused 74 fatalities, 9 and 17 lives were taken away by the Ganluo avalanche in 2019. 10 This not only poses new challenges for the development of rock mechanics, but also provides opportunities for geotechnical researchers to solve the problem of deformation and failure of rock mass.…”

“…For large‐scale construction projects, complex geological environments are unavoidable, where it is extremely easy for geological disasters and structural failure induced by rock instability to occur, resulting in serious huge economic losses to society, even threaten the lives of the people involved 5,6 . Rock avalanches as typical of these disasters are common occurrences, and are characterized by extremely high velocities, substantial volumes, and dire death consequences 7 . For example, the Yigong avalanche occurred in southeast Tibet in 2000, formed a debris dam that blocked the Yigong River for 62 days, 8 the Jiweishan avalanche in 2011 caused 74 fatalities, 9 and 17 lives were taken away by the Ganluo avalanche in 2019 10 .…”