Initiation of convection over the Black Forest mountains during COPS IOP15a

Bennett, Lindsay; Blyth, Alan; Burton, Ralph; Gadian, Alan; Weckwerth, Tammy M.; Behrendt, Andreas; Girolamo, Paolo Di; Dorninger, Manfred; Lock, Sarah‐Jane; Smith, V.; Mobbs, Stephen

doi:10.1002/qj.760

Cited by 42 publications

(34 citation statements)

References 38 publications

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“…: 140 m). The system operated between 25 May and 30 August 2007 and collected more than 500 hours of measurements, distributed over 58 measurement days (examples of measurements of BASIL from this field deployment are given in Behrendt et al, 2011;Chaboureau et al, 2011;Bennett et al, 2011;Corsmeier et al, 2011;Kiemle et al 2011; The major feature of BASIL is its capability to perform high-resolution measurements of atmospheric temperature and water vapour, both in daytime and night-time, based on the application of the rotational and vibrational Raman lidar techniques in the ultraviolet (UV) Di Girolamo et al, 2006, 2009aBhawar et al, 2011). Besides temperature and water vapour, BASIL measures particle backscatter at 355, 532 and 1064 nm, particle extinction coefficient at 355 and 532 nm and particle linear depolarization at 355 and 532 nm (Maestri et al, 2010;Griaznov et al, 2007;Di Girolamo et al, 1996, 2009b.…”

Section: Lidar and Radar Systemsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Lidar and radar measurements of the melting layer: observations of dark and bright band phenomena

et al. 2012

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Abstract. Multi-wavelength lidar measurements in the melting layer revealing the presence of dark and bright bands have been performed by the University of BASILicata Raman lidar system (BASIL) during a stratiform rain event. Simultaneously radar measurements have been also performed from the same site by the University of Hamburg cloud radar MIRA 36 (35.5 GHz), the University of Hamburg dualpolarization micro rain radar (24.15 GHz) and the University of Manchester UHF wind profiler (1.29 GHz). Measurements from BASIL and the radars are illustrated and discussed in this paper for a specific case study on 23 July 2007 during the Convective and Orographically-induced Precipitation Study (COPS). Simulations of the lidar dark and bright band based on the application of concentric/eccentric sphere Lorentz-Mie codes and a melting layer model are also provided. Lidar and radar measurements and model results are also compared with measurements from a disdrometer on ground and a two-dimensional cloud (2DC) probe onboard the ATR42 SAFIRE. Measurements and model results are found to confirm and support the conceptual microphysical/scattering model elaborated by Sassen et al. (2005).

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Section: Lidar and Radar Systemsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Lidar and radar measurements of the melting layer: observations of dark and bright band phenomena

et al. 2012

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“…In Europe, the Convective and Orographically induced Precipitation Study (COPS) was conducted from July to August 2007 around the Black Forest, which is a broad region around southern Germany and eastern France including mountainous areas. One of the results of this study suggests that the interaction of the thermally induced local circulation and the mesoscale convergence zone is an important trigger for the formation of strong updraft that can intrude into the stable layer with a small convective available potential energy (CAPE) condition (Kalthoff et al 2009;Barthlott et al 2010;Bennett et al 2011). In the United States, the Cumulus, Photogrammetric, In situ, and Doppler Observation Experiment (CUPIDO) investigated convection from a very early stage using stereo photogrammetric analysis, soundings, and airborne sensor observation around the Santa Catalina Mountains, Arizona (Zhender et al 2007).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 97%

Behavior and Structure of Convective Clouds Developing around a Mountainous Area Observed by Stereo Photogrammetry and Ka-Band and X-Band Radars: Case Study of Northern Kanto, Japan

Nishiwaki

Misumi

Shimizu

et al. 2013

Journal of the Meteorological Society of Japan

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Development of convective clouds on August 24, 2009 in northern Kanto, Japan, was investigated using stereo photogrammetric analysis and Ka-band and X-band radars, in order to clarify the behavior and structure of convective clouds developing around a mountainous area. Convective activity was divided into three stages based on the spatial distribution of X-band radar echoes: stage 1 with no echo (1006-1200 JST), stage 2 with echoes limited to the mountainous area (1200-1400 JST), and stage 3 with echoes developing over the plain (1400-1600 JST). During stages 1 and 2, the convective clouds (echoes) initiated over the mountains, and then moved toward the foot of mountains and dissipated, repeatedly. During stage 3, convective echoes formed over the mountains moved to the plain without dissipating at the foot of the mountains. In stage 2, new convective echoes tended to form to the rear (upshear) side of pre-existing echoes, while in stage 3, some new cellular echoes formed to the front (downshear) side of pre-existing echoes. Specific humidity in the mountains increased in stage 1, while GPS-derived precipitable water at the foot of the mountains increased during stages 2 and 3. The relationship between the behavior of convective clouds and the transport of water vapor by local wind circulation is discussed.

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“…Using the WRF model for simulation of a convection situation over the Black Forest mountains in southwest Germany, Bennett et al (2011) found that a high resolution of 700 m was needed to capture the fine-scale motions over the complex terrain for convection to be reproduced at the correct location and with about the right intensity to match the observations. A positive impact of increased model resolution was also found by Colle and Mass (2000) for the Cascade Mountains in the Pacific Northwest of the USA when moving from a grid spacing of 36 to 12 to 4 km.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Spatial and temporal variability of clouds and precipitation over Germany: multiscale simulations across the "gray zone"

Barthlott

Hoose

2015

Atmos. Chem. Phys.

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Abstract. This paper assesses the resolution dependance of clouds and precipitation over Germany by numerical simulations with the COnsortium for Small-scale MOdeling (COSMO) model. Six intensive observation periods of the HOPE (HD(CP) 2 Observational Prototype Experiment) measurement campaign conducted in spring 2013 and 1 summer day of the same year are simulated. By means of a series of grid-refinement resolution tests (horizontal grid spacing 2.8, 1 km, 500, and 250 m), the applicability of the COSMO model to represent real weather events in the gray zone, i.e., the scale ranging between the mesoscale limit (no turbulence resolved) and the large-eddy simulation limit (energy-containing turbulence resolved), is tested. To the authors' knowledge, this paper presents the first non-idealized COSMO simulations in the peer-reviewed literature at the 250-500 m scale. It is found that the kinetic energy spectra derived from model output show the expected −5/3 slope, as well as a dependency on model resolution, and that the effective resolution lies between 6 and 7 times the nominal resolution. Although the representation of a number of processes is enhanced with resolution (e.g., boundary-layer thermals, low-level convergence zones, gravity waves), their influence on the temporal evolution of precipitation is rather weak. However, rain intensities vary with resolution, leading to differences in the total rain amount of up to +48 %. Furthermore, the location of rain is similar for the springtime cases with moderate and strong synoptic forcing, whereas significant differences are obtained for the summertime case with air mass convection. Domain-averaged liquid water paths and cloud condensate profiles are used to analyze the temporal and spatial variability of the simulated clouds. Finally, probability density functions of convection-related parameters are analyzed to investigate their dependance on model resolution and their impact on cloud formation and subsequent precipitation.

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Initiation of convection over the Black Forest mountains during COPS IOP15a

Abstract: Doppler-On-Wheels radar observations made during the Convective and

Cited by 42 publications

References 38 publications

Lidar and radar measurements of the melting layer: observations of dark and bright band phenomena

Lidar and radar measurements of the melting layer: observations of dark and bright band phenomena

Behavior and Structure of Convective Clouds Developing around a Mountainous Area Observed by Stereo Photogrammetry and Ka-Band and X-Band Radars: Case Study of Northern Kanto, Japan

Spatial and temporal variability of clouds and precipitation over Germany: multiscale simulations across the "gray zone"

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Initiation of convection over the Black Forest mountains during COPS IOP15a

Abstract: Doppler-On-Wheels radar observations made during the Convective and

Cited by 42 publications

References 38 publications

Lidar and radar measurements of the melting layer: observations of dark and bright band phenomena

Lidar and radar measurements of the melting layer: observations of dark and bright band phenomena

Behavior and Structure of Convective Clouds Developing around a Mountainous Area Observed by Stereo Photogrammetry and Ka-Band and X-Band Radars: Case Study of Northern Kanto, Japan

Spatial and temporal variability of clouds and precipitation over Germany: multiscale simulations across the &quot;gray zone&quot;

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Spatial and temporal variability of clouds and precipitation over Germany: multiscale simulations across the "gray zone"