Initiation of explosion in solid explosives under conditions of deformation in a closed space

Impact and Friction Sensitivity of Reactive Chemicals: From Reproducibility Study to Benchmark Data Set for Modeling

“…What might be the reason for obtaining lower sensitivities (larger drop energy values in the case of impact testing)? It is well-known that the drop energy is not fully transferred to the sample. , We recently proposed the procedure for obtaining the target “real” energy, with elimination of losses in friction and elastic deformation. Keeping the elastic efficiency above 0.75 for all drop weights used in our study, we may systematically obtain smaller, but more accurate, critical drop energies (viz., higher sensitivity) than the one using the instrument without regular maintenance works.…”

“…The scale developed for mechanical sensitivity of energetic materials , starts from nonsensitive compounds, then shifts to moderately sensitive nitroaromatics (e.g., trinitrotoluene), to highly sensitivity nitramines and nitroesters (e.g., 1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazinane and pentaerythritol tetranitrate), and finally arrives to the extremely sensitive compounds like lead azide or dinitroazofuroxan . This row is frequently referred to as the “pivotal row”, , and newly discovered energetic species are usually compared to it. It should be emphasized that the mechanical sensitivity is not something specific for energetic compounds; many common chemicals used as reagents or drugs often explode or degrade under mechanical stimulation. , …”

Thermal stability of emerging N6-type energetic materials: kinetic modeling of simultaneous thermal analysis data to explain sensitivity trends

“…To explore the possible link between the thermal stability properties and mechanical sensitivity of compounds, we analyze the available data in line with the recently suggested approach by Cawkwell et al 66 To give an appropriate background to the usage of this approach we recall that the mechanical sensitivity (toward impact, friction or other stimuli) is a complex parameter of the intrinsic molecular structure of the material, mechanical properties of powder, and instrument/loading conditions. 64,67,68 The attempts to relate the thermal stability data and mechanical sensitivity date back to the 1930s, 69,70 but the general conclusion is that these properties rarely correlate well due to a large difference in the timescales. 71 On the other hand, often the researchers found a correlation between the mechanical sensitivity (mostly to impact) and the measure of the energy content of the compound, its maximal heat of explosion.…”

Mechanical stimulation of energetic materials at the nanoscale

“…1. The selected species cover a range of mechanical properties, with experimental yield strengths of 52 and 60 MPa for PA and PETN respectively, 11 and of 29 and 104 MPa for 3,4-DNP and CL-20 as derived from their melting points ( T m ) according to σ = 0.37 T m + 2.7 equation. 10 Overall, the order of yield strength increases as 3,4-DNP < PA < PETN < CL-20.…”

“…5–9 The initiation of an explosion is a particularly complex phenomenon involving chemical decomposition, phase transitions, and mechanical transformations. 10–13 The recent ability to observe initiation with significantly enhanced spatial and temporal resolution promises new insights into the mechanism of this process. 14–16…”