Injectable hydrogels for cartilage and bone tissue regeneration: A review

Recent advances in composite hydrogels: synthesis, classification, and application in the treatment of bone defects

“…27 The successful treatment of bone defects poses several clinical challenges, and the development of optimized composite hydrogels can address these challenges. To be effective, these hydrogels must meet specific requirements: 7,28,29 (1) good biocompatibility to avoid causing inflammatory reactions; (2) maximization of the mimicry of natural extracellular matrix (ECM) to promote osteoblast adhesion, propagation, and differentiation; (3) good in vivo degradation properties to prevent hindering the regeneration of new bone; (4) good mechanical properties to deal with loadbearing defects; and (5) appropriate porosity to control the slow release of osteogenic differentiation factors. By meeting these criteria, composite hydrogels can become an effective treatment option for bone defects.…”

“…6 However, drawbacks such as immune rejection and localized inflammation at the implantation site during repetitive manipulation of these grafts have the potential to cause treatment failure and worsening of the condition. 7 These limitations have prompted researchers to work on finding alternative strategies for treating bone defects.…”

Advances in Polysaccharides for Cartilage Tissue Engineering Repair: A Review

“…Hydrogels can form a stable three-dimensional structure in the body, providing support and protection to the tissue. 124 In cartilage repair, hydrogels can be injected or surgically implanted into areas of cartilage defects. Once placed in the defect, the hydrogel will gradually form a three-dimensional structure and fuse with the surrounding tissue, eventually forming new cartilage tissue; hydrogels can also be encapsulated with some drugs or factors that can promote cartilage repair for application in cartilage repair, so they have shown great potential for application.…”

“…Hydrogels are materials with high water content and elastic properties that have physical and chemical properties similar to those of surrounding tissues and can also be modulated by varying the water content of the hydrogel for many biomedical applications, including cartilage repair. Hydrogels can form a stable three-dimensional structure in the body, providing support and protection to the tissue . In cartilage repair, hydrogels can be injected or surgically implanted into areas of cartilage defects.…”

Magnetic hydrogel applications in articular cartilage tissue engineering

“…Additionally, hydrogels can be modified to exhibit adhesive properties, enabling them to adhere to the surrounding cartilage tissue and improve the stability of the repair site. 54 Furthermore, hydrogels can be engineered to possess desirable mechanical properties, such as elasticity and compressibility, which are crucial for cartilage function. These mechanical properties can be fine-tuned by adjusting the composition and cross-linking density of the hydrogel.…”