Injuries to Amateur Participants in Traditional Bullfighting Festivals

The Prevalence of Shoulder Disorders among Professional Bullfighters: A Cross-Sectional Ultrasonography Study

“…Most of the available evidence regarding shoulder injuries focused on external factors to the bullfighter (e.g., goring or trauma) since up to 89% of injuries needs hospitalization and the mortality reach 0.9% [ 29 , 30 , 31 ]. A 40-year retrospective study assessing the medical records of bull horn injuries resulted in 572 injuries (14.3 cases/year; 54 of these with multiple injuries), most of them located in the lower limbs, perineum, and abdomen [ 31 ].…”

“…Most of the available evidence regarding shoulder injuries focused on external factors to the bullfighter (e.g., goring or trauma) since up to 89% of injuries needs hospitalization and the mortality reach 0.9% [ 29 , 30 , 31 ]. A 40-year retrospective study assessing the medical records of bull horn injuries resulted in 572 injuries (14.3 cases/year; 54 of these with multiple injuries), most of them located in the lower limbs, perineum, and abdomen [ 31 ]. Another 10-year retrospective report detailed the type of injuries (e.g., open wounds, bruises, fractures, and traumatic brain injuries) and showed a similar incidence (10.7 cases/year) and affected areas (62.4% affected the lower limbs and perineum) [ 30 ].…”

“…Sports-related tendinopathies are characterized by well-defined histopathological lesions associated with the chronicity of symptoms (including pain and decreased load tolerance and function) [ 31 ]. Tendinopathies may result from an ineffective healing process of repeated micro-injuries produced because of continuous heavy loading, training errors (e.g., poor technique or inadequate equipment), or soft tissue status [ 32 ].…”