Injury Mortality in Individuals With Autism

Guan, Joseph; Li, Guohua

doi:10.2105/ajph.2017.303696

Cited by 109 publications

(78 citation statements)

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“…Although evidence of decreased life expectancy (Hirvikoski et al 2016; Guan and Li 2017) and poorer physical health in adulthood (Croen et al 2015) in ASD has only recently emerged, this evidence coupled with the rapidly increasing population of adults with ASD (Gerhardt and Lainer 2011) signals the need to better understand physical health, and factors that promote physical health, in ASD. It is likely that people with ASD who are otherwise disadvantaged have poorer physical health and access to health care throughout life, and this in combination with other factors, leads to worse physical health outcomes as individuals with ASD age.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In adults, a recent review found evidence for high rates of cardiovascular problems and mental health conditions (Cashin et al in press), and studies have additionally identified high rates of early parkinsonism (Starkstein et al 2015). Individuals with ASD also have a life expectancy that is between 20 and 36 years shorter than the general population (Hirvikoski et al 2016; Guan and Li 2017). Heightened adverse physical health outcomes in ASD may be partially explained by known health risk factors, including poor eating habits (Ho et al 1997), obesity (Ho et al 1997; Croen et al 2015), limited physical activity (Ho et al 1997), long-term psychotropic medication use (Esbensen et al 2009) and institutionalization (Krahn et al 2006).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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A Scoping Review of Health Disparities in Autism Spectrum Disorder

Bishop-Fitzpatrick

Kind

2017

J Autism Dev Disord

239

138

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Individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) experience increased morbidity and decreased life expectancy compared to the general population, and these disparities are likely exacerbated for those individuals who are otherwise disadvantaged. We conducted a review to ascertain what is known about health and health system quality (e.g., high quality care delivery, adequate care access) disparities in ASD. Nine studies met final inclusion criteria. Seven studies identified racial disparities in access to general medical services for children with ASD. No studies examined disparities in health outcomes or included older adults. We present a model of health disparities (Fundamental Causes Model) that guides future research. Additional work should examine health disparities, and their causal pathways, in ASD, particularly for older adults.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

A Scoping Review of Health Disparities in Autism Spectrum Disorder

Bishop-Fitzpatrick

Kind

2017

J Autism Dev Disord

239

138

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“…195 looks into the autistic life expectancy. While autism as a condition itself does not shorten life expectancy, the average life expectancy of a person with autism in the United States is 36, with suicide, infanticide, and medical neglect being some of the leading causes of death (Guan and Li 2017). Recent research from the Autism CRC of UNSW Sydney revealed that the mortality rates of those with ASD are more than twice those of the general population in New South Wales, Australia (Hwang et al 2019).…”

Section: )mentioning

confidence: 99%

Trust and Trustworthiness

2017

Commodification of Global Agrifood Systems and Agro-Ecology

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There has been a long-standing tendency in both the philosophical and nonphilosophical literature in the English-speaking world to view trust and trustworthiness primarily as three-place relations. Trust is: A trusts B to do X, and trustworthiness is: B doing X for A. This three-place schematic reflects English language use regarding the word "trust" as well as the widely-held beliefs that: 1) cooperation and knowledge acquisition are normally underpinned by trust and trustworthiness, 2) trust is a ubiquitous cognitive expectation classifiable as a distinct kind of reliance, and 3) trustworthiness is the ubiquitous fulfilment of that expectation classifiable as a distinct kind of reliability (often moralised-reliability). In this dissertation, it is argued that trust and trustworthiness are not three-place relations, and that thinking of them in this manner distorts the role they play in our lives. Instead, this dissertation proposes that trust and trustworthiness are each one-half of a two-place relation, and emphasises the special, private, complex, and interactive nature of this relation, rather than the behaviours (cooperation/reliance etc.) and expectations (belief/obligation etc.) often associated with it. The classification of trust and trustworthiness as being non-cognitive and non-moralised is essential, since a definitive feature of trust and trustworthiness is their remarkable capacity for non-conformity when it comes to the rules governing areas of our lives such as: social-communication, normative-behaviour, moral reasoning and moral action, truth, knowledge, rationality and agency. Acknowledging this anomalous rule-breaking facet of our humanity, which is similar to love, facilitates a better understanding of human behaviour and it allows us to divorce important questions about trust and trustworthiness from other distinct questions in epistemology and ethics. For David, for showing me trust and making me worthy. iv Acknowledgements Firstly, I would like to acknowledge my supervisor Michaelis Michael, for providing sound advice and considered guidance throughout my candidature. I would also like to thank the supportive staff in the Philosophy department at UNSW Sydney. In particular, my co-supervisor Melissa Merritt for introducing me to Iris Murdoch, and Markos Valaris for his role in sparking my initial interest in philosophy. I am grateful for the instruction provided by Professor Tony Attwood from Griffith University Queensland, who generously took the time to share his expertise in Theory of Mind with me. Both . Along with countless others, these individuals gently but determinedly give their time to share knowledge and resources with anyone willing to listen and learn. On a personal note, the irreplaceable individuals who supported all the other aspects of my life as I undertook this dissertation -my parents Lainie and Tony, my children Margaret and Hume, my dear friend Hamish, and my David -provided me with the love and trust, and so the expertise, that it really took to write this dissertati...

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“…Premature deaths among autistic individuals are largely attributable to injury (e.g., suffocation, asphyxiation, drowning, suicide), which may be impacted by factors such as substance use. 6 Moreover, chronic or frequent alcohol and substance use can worsen depression, anxiety, sleeplessness, and result in headaches and other stressors, 7-10 but research on substance use by autistic adolescents remains extremely limited. As a result, it is unknown how commonly these alcohol-related problems may be experienced by autistic adolescents and young adults.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Critical Lack of Data on Alcohol and Marijuana Use by Adolescents on the Autism Spectrum

Adhia

Bair-Merritt

Broder‐Fingert

et al. 2020

Autism in Adulthood

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Alcohol is the most commonly used substance among adolescents, and marijuana is the most commonly used illicit drug. Emerging evidence suggests that at least some autistic individuals may be at increased risk of substance use disorder compared with allistic counterparts, potentially to control social anxiety or facilitate social interaction. However, to the best of our knowledge, U.S. population-based estimates of substance use by autistic youth are limited. The aim of this perspective article was to highlight the lack of data sets that collect information about alcohol and marijuana use by autistic youth in the United States. We used a four-step investigation to identify potential data sources that could provide an estimate of the prevalence of alcohol and/or marijuana use in autistic youth, without regard to whether those estimates would be robust. We identified a total of 19 potential U.S. data sources. Of these, only one included information about both autism and alcohol and/or marijuana by youth. There is too little research on substance use by autistic adolescents, and rigorously collected data would benefit the field. Our recommendations include increased federal funding for data collection from autistic youth on substance use, additional questions on nationally representative surveys that assess autism status in multiple ways, and the use of robust measures of substance use that allow for characterization of substance use according to multiple dimensions. As the number of autistic youth identified increases and these youth transition into adulthood, better understanding of their substance use patterns is critical for developing health promotion efforts that appropriately and fully serve the needs of autistic youth.

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Injury Mortality in Individuals With Autism

Abstract: Individuals with autism appear to be at substantially heightened risk for death from injury.

Cited by 109 publications

References 10 publications

A Scoping Review of Health Disparities in Autism Spectrum Disorder

A Scoping Review of Health Disparities in Autism Spectrum Disorder

Trust and Trustworthiness

The Critical Lack of Data on Alcohol and Marijuana Use by Adolescents on the Autism Spectrum

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