Injury related infant death: the impact of race and birth weight

Jain, Arvind Kumar; Khoshnood, Babak; Lee, K. S.; Concato, John

doi:10.1136/ip.7.2.135

Cited by 21 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 29 publications

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“…motor vehicle accidents, fires, drowning, fires) injuries. Another possibility is that more severe injuries that result in hospitalisation may occur in younger or older children (Jain, Khoshnood, Lee, & Concato, 2001;Á vila-Burgos et al, 2008) and this study population was not robust enough for this analysis to detect differences between race/ethnicities stratified by either injury severity or age groups. Other potential explanations for this paradox are reporting bias, differences in cultural attitudes toward seeking of health care and reduced health care access that cannot be explored in NHIS currently due to the form of the injury question.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

Latino families report lower child injury rates than white families

Simon

Emsermann

DiGuiseppi

et al. 2008

International Journal of Injury Control and Safety Promotion

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Latino children have lower visit rates to emergency departments and primary care physicians than white children in the USA. Using a nationally representative household survey, this study asked whether parental report of injury was also lower for Latino children, after adjusting for demographic, socioeconomic, health status and health care access factors. Data were obtained on injuries for which medical advice or treatment was received from the National Health Interview Survey (NHIS) from 1997 to 2003. Using the multistage probability design of NHIS, annual rates and adjusted odds of childhood injury report by race and ethnicity were calculated. Respondents reported lower rates of injury for Latino children (6.0 (95% CI 5.3-6.8)/100 person-years) than white children (13.4 (12.7-14.2)/100 person-years). Lower injury rates were mainly due to lower rates of sports injuries and accidental falls. Latino children had lower odds of reported injury than white children, even after adjusting for multiple factors (odds ratio 0.7; 95% CI 0.6-0.8). Lower odds of injury report among Latino children are independent of direct measures of demographic, socioeconomic, health status and health care access factors and indirect measures of acculturation including respondent language and country of origin. Potential explanations include lower exposure to risk, greater child supervision, reporting bias, differences in cultural attitudes toward seeking of health care and reduced health care access that cannot be explored in NHIS due to the form of the current questions. Further research is needed to investigate cultural differences in risk exposure, child supervision and seeking of injury care.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

Latino families report lower child injury rates than white families

Simon

Emsermann

DiGuiseppi

et al. 2008

International Journal of Injury Control and Safety Promotion

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“…Low birth weight, young maternal age and poor prenatal care are identified risk factors for both infant homicide and infant accidental death 9 15 16. Unnatural deaths in infants, whether accidental or intentional, frequently involve head injury 17 18.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Infant homicide and accidental death in the United States, 1940-2005: ethics and epidemiological classification

Riggs

Hobbs²

2011

Journal of Medical Ethics

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Potential ethical issues can arise during the process of epidemiological classification. For example, unnatural infant deaths are classified as accidental deaths or homicides. Societal sensitivity to the physical abuse and neglect of children has increased over recent decades. This enhanced sensitivity could impact reported infant homicide rates. Infant homicide and accident mortality rates in boys and girls in the USA from 1940 to 2005 were analysed. In 1940, infant accident mortality rates were over 20 times greater than infant homicide rates in both boys and girls. After about 1980, when the ratio of infant accident mortality rates to infant homicide rates decreased to less than five, and the sum of infant accident and homicide rates became relatively constant, further decreases in infant accident mortality rates were associated with increases in reported infant homicide rates. These findings suggest that the dramatic decline of accidental infant mortality and recent increased societal sensitivity to child abuse may be related to the increased infant homicide rates observed in the USA since 1980 rather than an actual increase in societal violence directed against infants. Ethical consequences of epidemiological classification, involving the principles of beneficence, non-maleficence and justice, are suggested by observed patterns in infant accidental deaths and homicides in the USA from 1940 to 2005.

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“…But the question remains. In contemporary reviews of AI infant mortality several authors assert an important role for poor living conditions (10)(11)(12) while others conclude that poor living conditions are key (13)(14)(15). However, only one study empirically evaluates the claim (16).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Neighborhood Poverty and American Indian Infant Death: Are The Effects Identifiable?

Johnson

Oakes

Anderton

2008

Annals of Epidemiology

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Purpose-Poor living conditions are posited as an underlying cause of American Indian (AI) infant mortality, which is unusually high in the post-neonatal period. We explore whether the effects of neighborhood poverty on AI infant death are identifiable using observational data.Methods-Vital records for infants born between 1990 and 1999 to AI women in a metropolitan area (n = 4,751) are linked with tract-level poverty data. A counterfactual framework, an explicit causal contrast study design, and propensity score matching methods are employed. For each comparison, we create exchangeable groups by matching infants with the same probability of exposure to poverty when one was exposed and the other was not.Results-Our results suggest that neighborhood poverty has little effect on AI infant death outcomes. Importantly, the study design makes transparent the challenge of identifying appropriate analytic comparison groups in studies of neighborhood poverty and health.Conclusions-Collecting additional data will likely not overcome the fact that AI with a high probability of living in poverty rarely reside in low poverty neighborhoods. Yet, some of them must if a meaningful counterfactual comparison is to be made and the effects of neighborhood poverty on AI infant death are to be identified. MeSH KeywordsCausality; Confounding Factors (Epidemiology); Epidemiologic Research Design; Indians; North American; Infant Mortality High rates of infant mortality continue to characterize many American Indian (AI) communities, both on reservations and in urban areas throughout the United States (US). However, little is known about the etiology of urban AI infant mortality, including potential mechanisms of risk.Researchers have noted a number of individual-level risk factors for infant mortality in the general population. These are often associated with pregnancy complications and low birth Address for Reprints: Pamela Jo Johnson, MPH, PhD, State Health Access Data Assistance Center, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, 2221 University Avenue, Suite 345, Minneapolis, MN 55414. Publisher's Disclaimer: This is a PDF file of an unedited manuscript that has been accepted for publication. As a service to our customers we are providing this early version of the manuscript. The manuscript will undergo copyediting, typesetting, and review of the resulting proof before it is published in its final citable form. Please note that during the production process errors may be discovered which could affect the content, and all legal disclaimers that apply to the journal pertain. weight, which are closely tied to neonatal mortality, death in the first 28 days after birth (1). Among AI, however, more infant deaths occur among average weight infants than for any other race group (2). Further, while two-thirds of infant deaths in the US occur in the neonatal period for all other race groups, nearly half of AI infant deaths still occur in the postneonatal (between 28 days and one year) period (2). Since postneonatal death has hist...

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Injury related infant death: the impact of race and birth weight

Cited by 21 publications

References 29 publications

Latino families report lower child injury rates than white families

Latino families report lower child injury rates than white families

Infant homicide and accidental death in the United States, 1940-2005: ethics and epidemiological classification

Neighborhood Poverty and American Indian Infant Death: Are The Effects Identifiable?

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