Injury surveillance in school Rugby: A systematic review of injury epidemiology &amp; surveillance practices

Leahy, Therese M.; Kenny, Ian C.; Campbell, Mark J.; Warrington, Giles D.; Cahalan, Róisín; Harrison, Andrew J.; Lyons, Mark; Glynn, Liam; Comyns, Thomas M.

doi:10.1016/j.ptsp.2019.05.005

Cited by 11 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 31 publications

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“…Similar to the injury presentation in contact sports, 19,45 almost half of the injuries in our school rugby cohort occurred during the third quarter, suggesting that fatigue may influence shoulder injury risk. There may be an effect from player substitution here diluting the fatigue effects in the final quarter.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 57%

“…17 Currently, there are limited data on shoulder injury trends, mechanisms, and IRs in school rugby, although recent epidemiology studies suggest that the shoulder is a frequently injured body region. 19 Injury surveillance studies have reported differences in injury trends and IRs across various levels of play, age, and skill, suggesting that variances may exist in shoulder injury trends specifically. 19,41,45 A study of schoolboy rugby in Northern Ireland found that the shoulder was the second-most frequently injured body location (after head/face) and represented 15.3% of all match injuries, although IRs were not reported.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…19 Injury surveillance studies have reported differences in injury trends and IRs across various levels of play, age, and skill, suggesting that variances may exist in shoulder injury trends specifically. 19,41,45 A study of schoolboy rugby in Northern Ireland found that the shoulder was the second-most frequently injured body location (after head/face) and represented 15.3% of all match injuries, although IRs were not reported. 1 Large variances in shoulder IRs across level of play were noted by Barden and Stokes 3 for school rugby teams, where the elite teams demonstrated an IR almost 3-fold (19/1000 h) the rate for nonelite school teams (5/1000 h) for players of the same age.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Epidemiology of Shoulder Injuries in Schoolboy Rugby Union in Ireland

Leahy

Kenny

Campbell

et al. 2021

Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine

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Background: The shoulder has been reported as a frequent location of injury in adult professional and amateur rugby, with match injury incidence rates ranging from 1.8 to 3 per 1000 player-hours (h). An increased understanding of the incidence and mechanism of shoulder injuries in school rugby players is vital to establish effective injury preventive strategies and advise on appropriate rehabilitation. Purpose: To describe the incidence, nature, and severity of shoulder injuries in schoolboy rugby in Ireland. Study Design: Descriptive epidemiology study. Methods: Injury surveillance was carried out for Senior Cup teams across two seasons (N = 665 players aged 17-19 years) in Ireland from 2018 to 2020. Match and training injury data were recorded using an online system by trained nominated injury recorders. Match exposure was also recorded. Results: Shoulder match injury incidence was 12.2 per 1000 h (95% CI, 9.1-16.2), with a mean severity of 47 days’ time loss and an overall burden of 573 days per 1000 h. In total, 47 match and 5 training shoulder injuries were recorded. The most common injuries were shoulder dislocations/subluxations (34%), followed by acromioclavicular joint sprains (30%). Shoulder dislocations/subluxations represented the most burdensome injury (280 days per 1000 h). The tackle accounted for the majority (81%) of shoulder injuries. Forwards sustained a significantly higher incidence of shoulder injuries (8.3/1000 h) in comparison with backs (3.9/1000 h), with a rate ratio of 2.13 (95% CI, 1.15-3.94; P = .015). Conclusion: We found a notably higher injury incidence rate in schoolboy rugby as compared with the adult amateur and professional game. Shoulder injuries were responsible for more days lost than any other injury, and shoulder dislocations were the most severe. This is of particular concern so early in a player’s career and warrants further investigation into potential risk factors and mechanisms associated with shoulder injuries in school-age players.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 57%

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confidence: 99%

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confidence: 99%

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Epidemiology of Shoulder Injuries in Schoolboy Rugby Union in Ireland

Leahy

Kenny

Campbell

et al. 2021

Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine

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“…Injury risk in youth male rugby (union and league) [24,25], has been well described in the literature, with Freitag et al reporting a pooled injury incidence of 27/1000 h, using a combined time-loss and medical-attention definition [24]. However, the review highlights the effect of various data collection methods, with six different injury definitions adopted and injury incidence ranging from 4-218/1000 h. A meta-analysis of time-loss injuries in elite male youth soccer reported a pooled incidence of 8/1000 h [26,27], while in female soccer a systematic review reported a range in injury incidence from 1-12/1000 h [27].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Employing Standardised Methods to Compare Injury Risk Across Seven Youth Team Sports

Barden

Quarrie²,

McKay

et al. 2021

Int J Sports Med

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Injury surveillance systems seek to describe injury risk for a given sport, in order to inform preventative strategies. This often leads to comparisons between studies, although these inferences may be inappropriate, considering the range of methods adopted. This study aimed to describe the injury epidemiology of seven youth sports, enabling valid comparisons of injury risk. Consistent methods were employed across seven sports [male American football, basketball, soccer, rugby league, rugby union; female soccer and rugby union] at a high school in England. A 24-hour time-loss injury definition was adopted. Descriptive statistics and injury incidence (/1000 match-hours) are reported. In total, 322 injuries were sustained by 240 athletes (mean age=17.7±1.0) in 10 273 player-match hours. American football had a significantly greater injury incidence (86/1000 h; 95% CI 61–120) than all sports except female rugby union (54/1000 h; 95% CI 37–76). Concussion was the most common injury (incidence range 0.0–26.7/1000 h), while 59% of injuries occurred via player contact. This study employed standardized data collection methods, allowing valid and reliable comparisons of injury risk between youth sports. This is the first known study to provide epidemiological data for female rugby union, male basketball and American football in an English youth population, enabling the development of preventative strategies.

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“…Importantly, few studies have focused on youth rugby in Canada. Injury rates in youth rugby (age 14–18 years) range from 28 to 35 injuries/1,000 match-hours based on a 24 h time-loss definition within countries, such as New Zealand, England, Australia, and Northern Ireland (Leahy et al, 2019 ). However, the Canadian youth rugby context can differ from that of other countries given players do not typically get their first exposure until high school (age 14–18), there is a shorter playing season, and the playing levels can differ, warranting Canadian-specific youth rugby research to be completed.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Canadian High School Rugby Coaches Readiness for an Injury Prevention Strategy Implementation: Evaluating a Train-the-Coach Workshop

Shill

Räisänen

Black

et al. 2021

Front. Sports Act. Living

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Background: Canadian rugby coach injury prevention beliefs and attitudes have not been studied, yet are key to informing injury prevention strategy implementation. Despite neuromuscular training (NMT) warm-up success in reducing injury, adoption of these programs is variable. Therefore, objectives of this study included (1) describing Canadian youth rugby coach injury prevention beliefs and attitudes and current warm-up practices and (2) evaluating intention to use a rugby-specific NMT warm-up.Methods: High school rugby coaches completed a questionnaire before and after a rugby-specific NMT warm-up workshop. The pre-workshop questionnaire captured demographics, current warm-up practice, and NMT warm-up knowledge and use. Both questionnaires captured injury prevention beliefs, attitudes and behavioral intention.Results: Forty-eight coaches participated in the workshops. Pre-workshop, 27% of coaches were aware of NMT warm-ups. Coaches primarily included aerobic and stretching components, while balance components were not common in their warm-ups over the past year. Additionally, 92% of coaches agreed to some extent they would “complete a rugby-specific warm-up program prior to every game and training session this season.” Post-workshop, 86% of coaches agreed to some extent that they would use the program in every rugby session. No differences were observed between pre- and post-workshop intention to implement the warm-up (p = 0.10).Interpretation: This is the first study to examine current Canadian youth rugby coach warm-up practices and intention to use NMT warm-ups. Canadian rugby coach intention to use a rugby-specific NMT warm-up is high, providing ample opportunity to investigate the efficacy of a NMT warm-up in youth rugby.

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Injury surveillance in school Rugby: A systematic review of injury epidemiology & surveillance practices

Cited by 11 publications

References 31 publications

Epidemiology of Shoulder Injuries in Schoolboy Rugby Union in Ireland

Epidemiology of Shoulder Injuries in Schoolboy Rugby Union in Ireland

Employing Standardised Methods to Compare Injury Risk Across Seven Youth Team Sports

Canadian High School Rugby Coaches Readiness for an Injury Prevention Strategy Implementation: Evaluating a Train-the-Coach Workshop

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