Inka2, a novel Pak4 inhibitor, regulates actin dynamics in neuronal development

Abstract

The actin filament is a fundamental part of the cytoskeleton defining cell morphology and regulating various physiological processes, including filopodia formation and dendritic spinogenesis of neurons. Serine/threonine-protein kinase Pak4, an essential effector, links Rho GTPases to control actin polymerization. Previously, we identified the Inka2 gene, a novel mammalian protein exhibiting sequence similarity to Inka1, which serves as a possible inhibitor for Pak4. Although Inka2 is dominantly expressed in the nervous system and involved in focal-adhesion dynamics, its molecular role remains unclear. Here, we found that Inka2-iBox directly binds to Pak4 catalytic domain to suppress actin polymerization. Inka2 promoted actin depolymerization and inhibited the formation of cellular protrusion caused by Pak4 activation. We further generated the conditional knockout mice of the Inka2 gene. The beta-galactosidase reporter indicated the preferential Inka2 expression in the dorsal forebrain neurons. Cortical pyramidal neurons of Inka2-/- mice exhibited decreased density and aberrant morphology of dendritic spines with marked activation/phosphorylation of downstream molecules of Pak4 signal cascade, including LIMK and Cofilin. These results uncovered the unexpected function of endogenous Pak4 inhibitor in neurons. Unlike Inka1, Inka2 is a critical mediator for actin reorganization required for dendritic spine development.

Spatiotemporal regulation ofde novoand salvage purine synthesis during brain development

“…After 96 h of culturing, cells were incubated with 10 μM BrdU for 24 h and fixed. To obtain primary cultured neurons, E16.5 cerebral cortices or P4 cerebellar cortices were dissected and dispersed as previously described (Yamada et al, 2021; Yamada et al, 2022). Cells were seeded onto poly-D-lysine-coated dishes (Merck Millipore) and cultured in a neurobasal medium containing 2% B27 (Thermo Fisher Scientific) and 1% GlutaMax (Thermo Fisher Scientific) for 10 days in vitro (div).…”

Spatiotemporal Regulation ofDe Novoand Salvage Purine Synthesis during Brain Development

“…After 96 h of culturing, cells were incubated with 10 μ m BrdU for 24 h and fixed. To obtain primary cultured neurons, E16.5 cerebral cortices or P4 cerebellar cortices were dissected and dispersed as previously described ( Yamada et al, 2021 , 2022 ). Cells were seeded onto poly-D-lysine-coated dishes (Merck Millipore) and cultured in a neurobasal medium containing 2% B27 (Thermo Fisher Scientific) and 1% GlutaMax (Thermo Fisher Scientific) for 10 d in vitro (div).…”