Inkjet-Printed Carbon Nanotube Electrodes Modified with Dimercaptosuccinic Acid-Capped Fe₃O₄ Nanoparticles on Reduced Graphene Oxide Nanosheets for Single-Drop Determination of Trifluoperazine

Abstract

Here, we report the design of a disposable singledrop voltammetric sensor for the quantitative determination of antipsychotic drug trifluoperazine (TFP). The sensor was built using inkjet-printed carbon nanotube (CNT) electrodes, which were modified with dimercaptosuccinic acid (DMSA)-coated magnetite nanoparticles uniformly dispersed over reduced graphene oxide nanosheets (DMSA/Fe 3 O 4 /RGO). The used modifying materials were characterized by electron microscopy techniques (transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and field emission-scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM)), X-ray powder diffraction, ζ-potential measurements, dynamic light scattering (DLS), and electrochemical methods (cyclic voltammetry (CV) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS)). The developed sensor, best operated at pH 7 in the Britton−Robinson buffer solution (BRBS), shows linear electrocatalytic activity with TFP in the concentration range of 1−50 μM, a low detection limit of 0.54 μM, and excellent selectivity, repeatability, and reproducibility with an relative standard deviation (RSD) of 2.4%. A voltammetric approach using square wave voltammetry (SWV) is a sensitive technique under optimized conditions for the analytical determination of submicromolar amounts of TFP. Bare CNT and RGO-and DMSA/Fe 3 O 4 -modified CNT electrodes showed lower electrocatalytic activity than the DMSA/Fe 3 O 4 /RGO/CNT electrode. The development of this kind of TFP sensor based on nanoparticle-decorated graphene nanosheets can offer a tool for point-of-care applications as sensors in biomedicine.

Electrochemical sensor for simultaneous determination of trifluoperazine and dopamine in human serum based on graphene oxide–carbon nanotubes/iron–nickel nanoparticles

“…46 The performance of the sensor for TFLP detection is compared with other cited modied sensors. 2,3,37,44,[47][48][49] The sensor offers reasonable linear range for TFLP detection, DL lower than other used modied electrodes with good stability and accuracy as illustrated in ESI Table 2. † Thus, the sensor can be acceptably applied for the determination of TFLP levels in serum samples.…”

“…1,2 It is utilized for treating anxiety and controlling some psychotic disorders such as agitation, acute confusion state, depression, and psychosis. 2,3 TFLP has central antiadrenergic and antidopaminergic effects. Besides, it is a dopamine (DA) antagonist, has an antipsychotic effect as it blocks DA -D1 and D2 receptors and prevents disorder illness effects such as hallucinations, delusions, disordered speech and thought resulting from DA excess in the brain.…”

A review of electrochemical impedance spectroscopy for bioanalytical sensors

“…That is, when researchers design electrode materials, EIS is used at each step of the electrode construction process to conrm successful immobilisation of electrode modications. Literature reports that use EIS only in this way have been discounted from this section (there are several examples of this that were ltered from this review from 2021 and 2020 7,[9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27] ). Instead, this section seeks to present literature reports of EIS when used as the technique of choice for generating a quantitative analytical signal.…”

Electrochemical Discrimination of Dihydroxybenzene Isomer at Different Thiols Self-Assembled Monolayers on Gold and Simultaneous Determination of Catechol and Hydroquinone

“…The gold electrodes were then rinsed with ultrapure water and blown to dry with 99.999% high-purity nitrogen. The effective area (A) of gold electrode was measured in 2 mM Fe(CN) 6 3−/4− and 0.5 M NaCl solution by CV scans from 0.5 to −0.1 V at 0.1 V s −1 , and calculated using the Randles−Sevcik equation 32,33 Construction of ds-DNA/MCH or ss-DNA/MCH mixed SAMs: the pretreated gold electrodes were covered with a 30 μl drop of mixed solution including 10 μM ds-DNA or ss-DNA and 10 μM MCH, and then sealed up with a 0.5 ml centrifugal tube to protect the solution from evaporation. The assembly electrolyte was 1 M NaCl with 5 mM sodium phosphate buffer solution (pH 7.0), and the assembly time was kept for 2 h. When the assembly was finished, the gold electrodes were dipped into 1 mM MCH aqueous solution for 1 h to obtain ds-DNA/MCH or ss-DNA/MCH mixed SAMs.…”