Innate antiviral immunity: how prior exposures can guide future responses

Tomalka, Jeffrey; Suthar, Mehul S.; Diamond, Michael S.; Sékaly, Rafick‐Pierre

doi:10.1016/j.it.2022.07.001

Cited by 16 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 63 publications

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“…This is owed to long-lasting antigenagnostic trained innate immunity mechanisms 22 and bystander activation (non-SARS-CoV-2 specific) of virtual memory (VM) and VM-like CD8+ T cells 23 . As such, any immune challenge may establish new baseline immune statuses with the potential to impact future responses in both antigen-specific and antigen-agnostic ways 24 . In this regard, our findings add further insight to these mechanisms as we could also predict vaccine failure even before vaccination.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Unbiased spectral cytometry immunome characterization predicts COVID-19 mRNA vaccine failure in older adults and patients with lymphoid malignancies

HERNANDEZ-VAZQUEZ

Cal-Sabater

Arribas-Rodríguez

et al. 2023

Preprint

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COVID-19 affects the population unequally with a higher impact on aged and immunosuppressed people. Hence, we assessed the effect of SARS-CoV-2 vaccination in immune compromised patients (older adults and oncohematologic patients), compared with healthy counterparts. While the acquired humoral and cellular memory did not predict subsequent infection 18 months after full immunization, spectral and computational cytometry revealed several subsets within the CD8+ T-cells, B-cells, NK cells, monocytes and CD45RA+CCR7- Tγδ cells differentially expressed in further infected and non-infected individuals not just following immunization, but also prior to that. Of note up to 7 subsets were found within the CD45RA+CCR7- Tγδ population with some of them being expanded and other decreased in subsequently infected individuals. Moreover, some of these subsets also predicted COVID-induced hospitalization in oncohematologic patients. Therefore, we hereby have identified several cellular subsets that, even before vaccination, strongly related to COVID-19 vulnerability as opposed to the acquisition of cellular and/or humoral memory following vaccination with SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccines.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Unbiased spectral cytometry immunome characterization predicts COVID-19 mRNA vaccine failure in older adults and patients with lymphoid malignancies

HERNANDEZ-VAZQUEZ

Cal-Sabater

Arribas-Rodríguez

et al. 2023

Preprint

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“…After this initial barrier breach, the innate immune system is the first to initiate an antiviral response. Monocytes/macrophages, dendritic cells, natural killer cells, neutrophils, and granulocytes infiltrate the infected tissue in an attempt to eliminate the invader through the secretion of cytokines, enhanced cellular migration, and eventually antigen presentation to T cells in lymphoid tissues (62). Some viral infections have been shown to reprogram the host's innate immune response.…”

Section: Viral Infectionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Trained immunity: A “new” weapon in the fight against infectious diseases

2023

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Innate immune cells can potentiate the response to reinfection through an innate form of immunological memory known as trained immunity. The potential of this fast-acting, nonspecific memory compared to traditional adaptive immunological memory in prophylaxis and therapy has been a topic of great interest in many fields, including infectious diseases. Amidst the rise of antimicrobial resistance and climate change—two major threats to global health—, harnessing the advantages of trained immunity compared to traditional forms of prophylaxis and therapy could be game-changing. Here, we present recent works bridging trained immunity and infectious disease that raise important discoveries, questions, concerns, and novel avenues for the modulation of trained immunity in practice. By exploring the progress in bacterial, viral, fungal, and parasitic diseases, we equally highlight future directions with a focus on particularly problematic and/or understudied pathogens.

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“…This includes secretion of proinflammatory cytokines such as interleukins, tumor necrosis factor (TNF), as well as type I interferons (IFN), resulting in the recruitment of innate immune cells including monocytes, DCs, and NK cells (McNab et al, 2015;Carty et al, 2021). The antiviral innate immune response also initiates and shapes the adaptive immune response with its central players, the cytotoxic CD8 + T cells (CTL), CD4 + T helper cells, and B cells (Tomalka et al, 2022). CTL can directly attack and kill virus-infected cells, T helper cells secrete soluble factors with antiviral functions, and the antibodies produced by B cells contribute to neutralization of free virus particles.…”

Section: The Innate and Adaptive Immune Responses Are Tightly Interli...mentioning

confidence: 99%

The innate and T-cell mediated immune response during acute and chronic gammaherpesvirus infection

Rex

Zargari

Stempel

et al. 2023

Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol.

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Immediately after entry into host cells, viruses are sensed by the innate immune system, leading to the activation of innate antiviral effector mechanisms including the type I interferon (IFN) response and natural killer (NK) cells. This innate immune response helps to shape an effective adaptive T cell immune response mediated by cytotoxic T cells and CD4+ T helper cells and is also critical for the maintenance of protective T cells during chronic infection. The human gammaherpesvirus Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is a highly prevalent lymphotropic oncovirus that establishes chronic lifelong infections in the vast majority of the adult population. Although acute EBV infection is controlled in an immunocompetent host, chronic EBV infection can lead to severe complications in immunosuppressed patients. Given that EBV is strictly host-specific, its murine homolog murid herpesvirus 4 or MHV68 is a widely used model to obtain in vivo insights into the interaction between gammaherpesviruses and their host. Despite the fact that EBV and MHV68 have developed strategies to evade the innate and adaptive immune response, innate antiviral effector mechanisms still play a vital role in not only controlling the acute infection but also shaping an efficient long-lasting adaptive immune response. Here, we summarize the current knowledge about the innate immune response mediated by the type I IFN system and NK cells, and the adaptive T cell-mediated response during EBV and MHV68 infection. Investigating the fine-tuned interplay between the innate immune and T cell response will provide valuable insights which may be exploited to design better therapeutic strategies to vanquish chronic herpesviral infection.

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Innate antiviral immunity: how prior exposures can guide future responses

Cited by 16 publications

References 63 publications

Unbiased spectral cytometry immunome characterization predicts COVID-19 mRNA vaccine failure in older adults and patients with lymphoid malignancies

Unbiased spectral cytometry immunome characterization predicts COVID-19 mRNA vaccine failure in older adults and patients with lymphoid malignancies

Trained immunity: A “new” weapon in the fight against infectious diseases

The innate and T-cell mediated immune response during acute and chronic gammaherpesvirus infection

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