Innate immune evasion by alphaviruses

Liu, Yihan; Yuan, Yupei; Zhang, Leiliang

doi:10.3389/fimmu.2022.1005586

Cited by 10 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 64 publications

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“…CHIKV nsPs also counteract various cell-intrinsic antiviral responses 69 , including the function of the antiviral innate immune mediator tetherin and the unfolded protein response 70 . Furthermore, activation of IFNB and other antiviral genes in the infected cells is prevented by suppression of genome-wide transcription and interferon-induced JAK-STAT signalling 71,72 .…”

Section: Function Of Nspsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Chikungunya fever

Bartholomeeusen

Daniel²,

LaBeaud

et al. 2023

Nat Rev Dis Primers

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Chikungunya virus is widespread throughout the tropics, where it causes recurrent outbreaks of chikungunya fever. In recent years, outbreaks have afflicted populations in East and Central Africa, South America and Southeast Asia. The virus is transmitted by Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus mosquitoes. Chikungunya fever is characterized by severe arthralgia and myalgia that can persist for years and have considerable detrimental effects on health, quality of life and economic productivity. The effects of climate change as well as increased globalization of commerce and travel have led to growth of the habitat of Aedes mosquitoes. As a result, increasing numbers of people will be at risk of chikungunya fever in the coming years. In the absence of specific antiviral treatments and with vaccines still in development, surveillance and vector control are essential to suppress re-emergence Nature Reviews Disease Primers | (2023) 9:17 2 0123456789();: PrimerWith the increasing global distribution of the Aedes mosquitoes and their ability to adapt to urban settings, the urban transmission cycle is increasingly important. Here, during a blood meal on an infected person, the female mosquito ingests the virus, which infects various mosquito tissues, including the salivary glands. During a subsequent blood meal by the infected mosquito, the virus is deposited in the skin of an uninfected person along with mosquito saliva, infecting the person and perpetuating the viral replication cycle 14 . Phylogenetic analysis identified three distinct lineages corresponding to their respective geographical origin: West African, East Central South African (ECSA) and Asian lineage 15,16 . The ECSA lineage is further divided into two clades: ECSA1, which consists entirely of ancestral CHIKV sequences, and ECSA2, which contains sequences from the Central African Republic, Cameroon, Gabon and the Republic of Congo 17,18 . Since its discovery in 1952, CHIKV has been reported to be circulating and causing sporadic outbreaks in sub-Saharan Africa. In 2004, an ECSA CHIKV strain emerged in Kenya and subsequently spread to the Indian Ocean Islands, where it caused outbreaks of an unprecedented magnitude, particularly in La Réunion [19][20][21][22][23][24] . The extent of this outbreak has led to the emergence of a fourth phylogenetic lineage termed Indian Ocean lineage, which has subsequently dispersed to Asia and India 25 and caused autochthonous transmission (local disease spread) in Mediterranean Europe (Italy and France) 26,27 .In December 2013, another major outbreak occurred when a strain from the Asian lineage emerged for the first time on the Caribbean Saint Martin Island, from where the virus spread to more than 50 countries of the South American continent, causing a conservatively estimated 1 million infections 28,29 . In 2014, the ECSA lineage was reported in Northeast Brazil, where it continues to circulate as the most prevalent strain today 30 .Most of the Indian Ocean lineage is characterized by an adaptive mutation in the E1 glycopr...

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Section: Function Of Nspsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Chikungunya fever

Bartholomeeusen

Daniel²,

LaBeaud

et al. 2023

Nat Rev Dis Primers

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“…Many viruses, including alphaviruses, have strategies to evade the cellular immune response to establish an effective infection [ 43 , 44 , 45 ]. Conversely, the host cells activate genes and pathways to defend themselves against viral infection.…”

Section: Roles Of Mirnas During Alphavirus Infectionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Therefore, modulation of the immune-related pathways in fibroblasts may affect the outcome of the CHIKV infection. Notably, the perturbation of TLR and JAK-STAT signaling pathways and the host immune response has been reported in alphavirus infections, including in CHIKV infection [ 45 , 51 , 52 , 53 , 54 ]. Although the immune-related signaling pathways in CHIKV infection were mostly the target of upregulated miRNAs, the elevated expression of miRNAs does not necessarily result in the suppression of the target genes [ 55 ].…”

Section: Roles Of Mirnas During Alphavirus Infectionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Host Non-Coding RNA Response to Alphavirus Infection

Behnia

Bradfute

2023

Viruses

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Alphaviruses are important human and animal pathogens that can cause a range of debilitating symptoms and are found worldwide. These include arthralgic diseases caused by Old-World viruses and encephalitis induced by infection with New-World alphaviruses. Non-coding RNAs do not encode for proteins, but can modulate cellular response pathways in a myriad of ways. There are several classes of non-coding RNAs, some more well-studied than others. Much research has focused on the mRNA response to infection against alphaviruses, but analysis of non-coding RNA responses has been more limited until recently. This review covers what is known regarding host cell non-coding RNA responses in alphavirus infections and highlights gaps in the knowledge that future research should address.

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“…This activated RIG-I/MAVS complex serves as the intersection of multiple innate immune pathways stimulated immediately, particularly the interferon (IFN) and nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) signals ( 17 ). However, RNA viruses have advanced procedures to avoid, exploit, or dysregulate these innate immune pathways, which can be seen in chikungunya virus (CHIKV) infection ( 18 ). The E1, E2, and nsP2 proteins of CHIKV potently inhibit the activity of MDA5/RIG-I, and nsP2 also suppresses the downstream phosphorylation of signal transducer and activator of transcription 1 (STAT1), blocking the IFN-induced JAK-STAT pathway ( 18 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, RNA viruses have advanced procedures to avoid, exploit, or dysregulate these innate immune pathways, which can be seen in chikungunya virus (CHIKV) infection ( 18 ). The E1, E2, and nsP2 proteins of CHIKV potently inhibit the activity of MDA5/RIG-I, and nsP2 also suppresses the downstream phosphorylation of signal transducer and activator of transcription 1 (STAT1), blocking the IFN-induced JAK-STAT pathway ( 18 ). In this review, we summarize host innate immune responses to RVFV and how they are dysregulated by viral interference, which will offer possible insights into the vaccine and antiviral developments against RVFV.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Arm race between Rift Valley fever virus and host

et al. 2022

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Rift Valley fever (RVF) is a zoonotic disease caused by Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV), an emerging arbovirus within the Phenuiviridae family of Bunyavirales that has potential to cause severe diseases in both humans and livestock. It increases the incidence of abortion or foetal malformation in ruminants and leads to clinical manifestations like encephalitis or haemorrhagic fever in humans. Upon virus invasion, the innate immune system from the cell or the organism is activated to produce interferon (IFN) and prevent virus proliferation. Meanwhile, RVFV initiates countermeasures to limit antiviral responses at transcriptional and protein levels. RVFV nonstructural proteins (NSs) are the key virulent factors that not only perform immune evasion but also impact the cell replication cycle and has cytopathic effects. In this review, we summarize the innate immunity host cells employ depending on IFN signal transduction pathways, as well as the immune evasion mechanisms developed by RVFV primarily with the inhibitory activity of NSs protein. Clarifying the arms race between host innate immunity and RVFV immune evasion provides new avenues for drug target screening and offers possible solutions to current and future epidemics.

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Innate immune evasion by alphaviruses

Cited by 10 publications

References 64 publications

Chikungunya fever

Chikungunya fever

The Host Non-Coding RNA Response to Alphavirus Infection

Arm race between Rift Valley fever virus and host

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