Innate Immune Evasion by Human Respiratory RNA Viruses

Kikkert, Marjolein

doi:10.1159/000503030

Cited by 340 publications

(373 citation statements)

References 200 publications

(192 reference statements)

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“…Respiratory viruses can inhibit the innate immune response, and consequently obtain effective opportunities for virus replication and infection. The affected innate immune response also affects subsequent adaptive immune responses; so, viral innate immune evasion often disrupts the complete protective immunity (Kikkert 2020). Therefore, initially, of the two patients, the female had normal neutrophilic granulocytes initially, and both had normal monocytes.…”

Section: Dear Editormentioning

confidence: 99%

Clinical Features and Treatment of 2019-nCov Pneumonia Patients in Wuhan: Report of A Couple Cases

Zhang

et al. 2020

Virol. Sin.

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nCoV) has caused more than one hundred cases in Wuhan (WMHC 2020). During a retrospective study of recent pneumonia patients in our department, we found two patients who are likely being infected with the 2019-nCoV. During the hospitalization, those two patients were appropriately treated, and both were discharged within two weeks. Thus, we are reporting the clinical features and treatment regiment, and hope the information and experience can be shared.The two patients were a couple. The male was 38 years old, and was admitted to the hospital due to fever for one week and dyspnea for one day on Dec. 27, 2019. On admission, he had slight cough of a little green viscous sputum. He had been treated with normal anti-infective therapy in another hospital for 3 days, but did not respond it. After then, he visited our department. The radiography of the chest at the OPD suggested the right lung infection.He was previously healthy, and had a history of allergy to heartleaf houttuynia herb (a traditional Chinese medicine). Physical examination (PE) on admission: T: 37.4°C; P: 95 bpm; R: 20 bpm; and BP: 129/73 mmHg. The breath sounds of both lungs were coarse, and no dry or moist rales were auscultated. The heart and abdomen were unremarkable. Routine urine test: urine glucose: 1?; urine specific gravity: 1.03; protein: 1?; and the others were within the normal ranges. Routine stool test: occult blood (chemical method): weakly positive. The creatine kinase was within the normal range; lactate dehydrogenase: 279 U/L:; and procalcitonin was within the normal range.To figure out the potential pathogen of his infection, a panel of extra laboratory tests was performed, and the results are shown in Table 1. Through those tests, all clinically frequent pathogens are excluded.During the hospitalization, the CT scans of lungs and the dynamics of immune responses were closely monitored. Summary reports of serial CT scans and serial blood tests of the male patient are shown in Fig. 1 and Table 2.After admission, according to our clinical experience, the patient was given methylprednisolone 40 mg iv gtt for once, and then the fever subsided. The patient was given human gamma globulin 10 g iv gtt qd for five successive days, and then the dose was changed to 5 g. Considering the cause was unknown, we also used drugs to treat atypical pathogens, including moxifloxacin for mycoplasma and chlamydia, and oseltamivir and abidol hydrochloride for influenza A virus; meanwhile, the patient was given Chinese patent medicine Tanreqing iv gtt for adjunctive therapy. On Jan 10, 2020, the male patient was re-examined for all inflammatory indices and all showed normal, and he was discharged from hospital on the same day.The female patient was 38 years old and was admitted due to fever, cough, and vomiting for one day on Dec 30, 2019. On admission, she had no dyspnea, no chest distress, no expectoration, no pharyngalgia, no nasal discharge, nor nasal obstruction. She was previously healthy, and had no history of allergy to food or drug. PE on admission...

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Section: Dear Editormentioning

confidence: 99%

Clinical Features and Treatment of 2019-nCov Pneumonia Patients in Wuhan: Report of A Couple Cases

Zhang

et al. 2020

Virol. Sin.

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“…Below, are mentioned some protective mechanisms that have been found in coronaviruses, as viral self-defense seems to be family specific. The strategies have been thoroughly described in an excellent review by Kikkert [28].…”

Section: The Virus Versus the Immune Systemmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It seems that during the infective cycle, the virus may auto divide its own RNA to avoid recognition. The SARS-CoV N protein was found presumably to pack the viral RNA, thereby protecting them from degradation [28]. Apart from passive protection, viruses can actively switch-off host defense.…”

Section: The Virus Versus the Immune Systemmentioning

confidence: 99%

COVID-19 — Toward a comprehensive understanding of the disease

et al. 2020

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The evidence on the pathophysiology of the novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 infection is rapidly growing. Elucidating why some patients suffering from COVID-19 are getting so sick, while others are not, has become an informal imperative for researchers and clinicians around the globe. The answer to this question would allow rationalizing the fear surrounding this pandemic. Understanding of the pathophysiology of COVID-19 relies on unraveling of interplaying mechanisms, including SARS-CoV-2 virulence, human immune response, and complex inflammatory reactions with coagulation playing a major role. An interplay with bacterial co-infections, as well as the vascular system and microcirculation affected throughout the body should also be examined. More importantly, a comprehensive understanding of pathological mechanisms of COVID-19 will increase the efficacy of therapy and decrease mortality. Herewith, the authors present a combined viewpoint based on the current state of knowledge on COVID-19: beginning from the virus, its transmission, and mechanisms of entry into the human body, through the pathological effects on the cellular level, up to immunological reaction, systemic and organ presentation. Last but not least, currently available and possible future therapeutic and diagnostic options are briefly commented on. (Cardiol J 2020; 27, 2: 99-114)

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“…Innate immune evasion links to the innate immune responses elicited by respiratory and other (RNA) viruses. 6 One explanation could be that pneumonia results from virus-induced immune response causing destruction of pulmonary tissue. 7 Such mechanisms could be less effective in children.…”

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confidence: 99%