Innate immune response to yeast-derived carbohydrates in broiler chickens fed organic diets and challenged with Clostridium perfringens

Abstract

Necrotic enteritis (NE) caused by Clostridium perfringens is a reemerging disease of economic importance in areas of the world where antibiotic growth promoters have been banned. The effect of mannan-oligosaccharide (MOS) supplementation in organic diets of broilers challenged with C. perfringens on performance, gut morphology, and innate immunity was investigated. Three hundred Ross-308 broilers were fed antibiotic-free certified organic starter and grower diets. On d 14, birds were orally challenged with 1 mL of C. perfringens culture at 3 × 10(10) cfu/bird. Treatments consisted of a control no-challenge (CO; 0 g/kg of MOS in the basal diet), control challenge (COC, 0 g/kg of MOS in the basal diet), and MOS challenge (2 g/kg of MOS in the basal diet). Challenge of birds resulted in decreased feed intake and BW gain (P = 0.048 and P = 0.026, respectively). Even though supplementation of diet with MOS improved feed intake (P = 0.985), BW gain and G:F were not improved compared with those of the CO group (P = 0.026 and P = <0.001, respectively). There was no significant difference among treatments in jejunal and ileal villus height, crypt depth, and goblet cells/mm(2) (P > 0.05). Quantitative real-time PCR showed that, in the ileum, the MOS diet resulted in an upregulation of toll-like receptor (TLR)2b, TLR4, interleukin (IL)-12p35, and interferon (IFN)-γ compared with CO (P = 0.003, P = 0.018, and P = 0.024, respectively). In the cecal tonsil, challenging birds with C. perfringens resulted in an upregulation of TLR2b compared with CO (P = 0.036), and MOS resulted in an upregulation of TLR4 (P = 0.018). In conclusion, feeding a MOS-supplemented diet to C. perfringens-challenged broiler chickens did not improve performance and gut morphology-associated responses. However, MOS was capable of altering TLR and cytokine profiles, where dual TLR2 and TLR4 pathways were associated with MOS supplementation with subsequent upregulation of ileal IL-12p35 and IFN-γ, implying that MOS supplementation in C. perfringens-challenged chickens supports a proinflammatory effect via T-helper cell-1 associated pathways.

A natural carbohydrate fraction Actigen™ fromSaccharomyces cerevisiaecell wall: effects on goblet cells, gut morphology and performance of broiler chickens

“…A possible reason for this may be due to the birds not being challenged with pathogenic microbes at this point. This trial supports the VH findings of White, et al (2002) in pigs and Yitbarek et al (2012) and Sohail et al (2012) in broilers when feeding MOS. However, Iji et al (2001) and Zhang et al (2005) found that birds fed yeast cell wall fractions had longer VH than control birds at 21 days.…”

“…When looking at CD, Zhang et al (2005), Yitbarek et al (2012) and Sohail et al (2012) found feeding MOS had no effect on CD in birds, as seen in this study. Santin et al (2001) also saw no effect of MOS at 42 days, however decreased CD was observed at seven days of age in broilers fed MOS.…”

“…This would suggest that NCF has no effect on the mucin profile of broilers in the duodenum. This absence of response was also reported by Castillo et al (2008) and Yitbarek et al (2012). Conversely, Baurhoo et al (2007;2009), Chee et al (2010, Morales-lopez et al (2010) and Muthusamy et al (2012) reported that goblet cell numbers were increased by yeast cell wall product supplementation.…”

Calcium Montmorillonite-Based Dietary Supplement Attenuates Necrotic Enteritis Induced by <i>Eimeria maxima </i>and <i>Clostridium perfringens </i>in Broilers

“…Park et al (2008) reported that intestinal IEL levels of IL-1β transcripts were decreased in chickens co-infected with E. maxima and C. perfringens compared with single infection by either pathogen alone, while IL-6 transcipt levels were not affected following infection with either or both microorganisms. Similarly, Yitbarek et al (2012) reported that IL-6 expression in the intestinal ileum or cecal tonsils was unaffected in C. perfringens-infected chickens compared with uninfected controls, leading these authors to theorize that IL-6 is not involved in Toll-like receptor regulation of C. perfringens-induced NE. Eimeria infection of chickens also induces iNOS expression both in vitro and in vivo (Dalloul et al, 2005;Lee et al, 2014).…”

Effects of Acidified Yeast and Whey Powder on Performance, Organ Weights, Intestinal Microflora, and Gut Morphology of Male Broilers

“…Previous studies have shown that the inclusion of yeast product in broiler diets can increase the number of health-promoting bacteria like lactobacillus spp. (Roto et al, 2015) and decrease the number of pathogenic microbiota such as Clostridium (Yitbarek et al, 2012) and E. coli (Huff et al, 2007). In addition, some researchers (Dibner, 2004;Kim et al, 2014) have suggested that acidifiers can decrease the intestinal pH and maintain acidic conditions in the gut environment.…”