Innate Immunity: Pattern Recognition in Plants

Chinchilla, Delphine; Boller, Thomas

doi:10.1002/9781119949138.ch1

Cited by 2 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 158 publications

(217 reference statements)

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“…Plant receptor kinases containing a LysM (lysine motif) domain are able to detect chitin-like components or chitin fragments [ 51 ]. Chitin, an N-acetyl-glucosamine (GlcNAc) polymer, is a main component of the fungal cell wall [ 52 ]. Chitin recognition activates signalling pathways, which lead to plant immune defence [ 53 ].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For instance, the rice blast fungus Magnaporthe oryzae secretes the LysM domain containing effector, Slp1, which binds chitin oligosaccharides. This suppresses plant defence response induced through the recognition of chitin fragments by the rice receptor CEBiP (chitin elicitor binding protein) [ 51 , 52 ]. Candidate SCR_348911 might play a similar role in AM symbiosis.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The effector candidate repertoire of the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus Rhizophagus clarus

Toro

Brachmann

2016

BMC Genomics

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BackgroundArbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) form an ecologically important symbiosis with more than two thirds of studied land plants. Recent studies of plant-pathogen interactions showed that effector proteins play a key role in host colonization by controlling the plant immune system. We hypothesise that also for symbiotic-plant interactions the secreted effectome of the fungus is a major component of communication and the conservation level of effector proteins between AMF species may be indicative whether they play a fundamental role.ResultsIn this study, we used a bioinformatics pipeline to predict and compare the effector candidate repertoire of the two AMF species, Rhizophagus irregularis and Rhizophagus clarus. Our in silico pipeline revealed a list of 220 R. irregularis candidate effector genes that create a valuable information source to elucidate the mechanism of plant infection and colonization by fungi during AMF symbiotic interaction. While most of the candidate effectors show no homologies to known domains or proteins, the candidates with homologies point to potential roles in signal transduction, cell wall modification or transcription regulation. A remarkable aspect of our work is presence of a large portion of the effector proteins involved in symbiosis, which are not unique to each fungi or plant species, but shared along the Glomeromycota phylum. For 95 % of R. irregularis candidates we found homologs in a R. clarus genome draft generated by Illumina high-throughput sequencing. Interestingly, 9 % of the predicted effectors are at least as conserved between the two Rhizophagus species as proteins with housekeeping functions (similarity > 90 %). Therefore, we state that this group of highly conserved effector proteins between AMF species may play a fundamental role during fungus-plant interaction.ConclusionsWe hypothesise that in symbiotic interactions the secreted effectome of the fungus might be an important component of communication. Identification and functional characterization of the primary AMF effectors that regulate symbiotic development will help in understanding the mechanisms of fungus-plant interaction.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12864-016-2422-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The effector candidate repertoire of the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus Rhizophagus clarus

Toro

Brachmann

2016

BMC Genomics

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“…mutualistic symbionts, endophytes, and pathogens) may remain within the apoplastic space or can penetrate into plant cells during the process of host colonization. Opposing the invasion of these microbes is a finely tuned defense response network encoded by the plant that detects the presence of nonself cells through the binding of microbe‐associated molecular patterns (MAMPs) to plant‐encoded pattern recognition receptors (PRRs; reviewed in Hann & Boller, ; Chinchilla & Boller, ). MAMPs are elicitor proteins that are characteristic of all microorganisms and are intrinsic to their cellular make‐up (e.g.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ethylene and jasmonic acid act as negative modulators during mutualistic symbiosis between Laccaria bicolor and Populus roots

et al. 2014

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SummaryThe plant hormones ethylene, jasmonic acid and salicylic acid have interconnecting roles during the response of plant tissues to mutualistic and pathogenic symbionts.We used morphological studies of transgenic-or hormone-treated Populus roots as well as whole-genome oligoarrays to examine how these hormones affect root colonization by the mutualistic ectomycorrhizal fungus Laccaria bicolor S238N.We found that genes regulated by ethylene, jasmonic acid and salicylic acid were regulated in the late stages of the interaction between L. bicolor and poplar. Both ethylene and jasmonic acid treatments were found to impede fungal colonization of roots, and this effect was correlated to an increase in the expression of certain transcription factors (e.g. ETHYLENE RESPONSE FACTOR1) and a decrease in the expression of genes associated with microbial perception and cell wall modification. Further, we found that ethylene and jasmonic acid showed extensive transcriptional cross-talk, cross-talk that was opposed by salicylic acid signaling.We conclude that ethylene and jasmonic acid pathways are induced late in the colonization of root tissues in order to limit fungal growth within roots. This induction is probably an adaptive response by the plant such that its growth and vigor are not compromised by the fungus.

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Innate Immunity: Pattern Recognition in Plants

Cited by 2 publications

References 158 publications

The effector candidate repertoire of the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus Rhizophagus clarus

The effector candidate repertoire of the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus Rhizophagus clarus

Ethylene and jasmonic acid act as negative modulators during mutualistic symbiosis between Laccaria bicolor and Populus roots

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