2011
DOI: 10.1126/science.1198687
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Innate or Adaptive Immunity? The Example of Natural Killer Cells

Abstract: Natural killer (NK) cells were originally defined as effector lymphocytes of innate immunity endowed with constitutive cytolytic functions. More recently, a more nuanced view of NK cells has emerged. NK cells are now recognized to express a repertoire of activating and inhibitory receptors that is calibrated to ensure self-tolerance while allowing efficacy against assaults such as viral infection and tumor development. Moreover, NK cells do not react in an invariant manner but rather adapt to their environment… Show more

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Cited by 2,298 publications
(2,116 citation statements)
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References 78 publications
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“…Blocking 4-1BB/4-1BBL interaction in co-cultures of CLL cells with human NK cells, like in AML, significantly increased direct and Rituximab-induced NK granule mobilization, cytotoxicity, target cell lysis and IFN-g production. The variation within the reactivity of NK cells of different donors and the influence of 4-1BBL highlight the fact that NK reactivity is influenced by multiple activating and inhibitory signals [10]. Shifting this balance towards activation by preventing immunoinhibitory 4-1BB/4-1BBL interaction may thus serve well to reinforce direct and Rituximab-induced NK reactivity in CLL.…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 99%
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“…Blocking 4-1BB/4-1BBL interaction in co-cultures of CLL cells with human NK cells, like in AML, significantly increased direct and Rituximab-induced NK granule mobilization, cytotoxicity, target cell lysis and IFN-g production. The variation within the reactivity of NK cells of different donors and the influence of 4-1BBL highlight the fact that NK reactivity is influenced by multiple activating and inhibitory signals [10]. Shifting this balance towards activation by preventing immunoinhibitory 4-1BB/4-1BBL interaction may thus serve well to reinforce direct and Rituximab-induced NK reactivity in CLL.…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…demonstrated to be compromised in chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) patients, and the FcgR polymorphisms that positively influence Rituximab responses in lymphoma do not predict treatment response in CLL [9]. Both direct anti-tumor reactivity and ADCC of NK cells are influenced by signals of multiple different activating and inhibitory receptors which interact with ligands expressed on tumor cells [10]. Modulating this balance of activating and inhibitory signals is a promising strategy to increase NK-cell reactivity and may also serve to reinforce the therapeutic efficacy of Rituximab in CLL [11].…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…1-9 In order to fulfill this variety of functions, NK cells use an array of receptors which sense microenvironmental stimuli and mediate appropriate responses. 3,10,11 Several NK receptors are capable of regulating different NK cell functions. For example, the Natural Cytotoxicity Receptors (NCRs) NKp46, NKp30, and NKp44, play an important role in human NK cell-mediated recognition and killing of virally infected and tumor cells, and also induce the release of a number of cytokines and chemotactic factors.…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…An extra level of regulation of NK cell activation is provided by diverse cytokines (3,4) and the recognition of pathogen-associated molecular patterns through TLRs (5). NK cell activation results not only in a cytotoxic response toward target cells, but also in the secretion of IFN-g and other cytokines and chemokines (6)(7)(8), rendering NK cells capable of modulating the activity of other cells of the immune system and the outcome of the immune response (9)(10)(11).…”
mentioning
confidence: 99%