Innate Type-2 Cytokines: From Immune Regulation to Therapeutic Targets

Abstract

The intricate role of innate type-2 cytokines in immune responses is increasingly acknowledged for its dual nature, encompassing both protective and pathogenic dimensions. Ranging from defense against parasitic infections to contributing to inflammatory diseases like asthma, fibrosis, and obesity, these cytokines intricately engage with various innate immune cells. This review meticulously explores the cellular origins of innate type-2 cytokines and their intricate interactions, shedding light on factors that amplify the innate type-2 response, including TSLP, IL-25, and IL-33. Recent advancements in therapeutic strategies, specifically the utilization of biologics targeting pivotal cytokines (IL-4, IL-5, and IL-13), are discussed, offering insights into both challenges and opportunities. Acknowledging the pivotal role of innate type-2 cytokines in orchestrating immune responses positions them as promising therapeutic targets. The evolving landscape of research and development in this field not only propels immunological knowledge forward but also holds the promise of more effective treatments in the future.

Weighted Breaths: Exploring Biologic and Non-Biologic Therapies for Co-Existing Asthma and Obesity

“…The biological response to inhaled asthma stimuli, including air pollutants, antigens, and viruses, is partially characterized by secretion of IL-5, a T H 2 cytokine, from T H 2 lymphocytes and/or group 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2) (Fig. 1) [68][69][70]. Once released into the extracellular space, IL-5 can bind the IL-5 receptor subunit alpha (IL-5Rα) on the surface of eosinophils, an event that facilitates interaction with the cytokine receptor common subunit beta (βc), which subsequently leads to eosinophilopoiesis and eosinophil maturation and survival [70,71].…”