Inner, outer, and full-thickness retinal folds after rhegmatogenous retinal detachment repair: A review

Management of fovea-involving dry macular fold complicating retinal detachment surgery: Does delayed intervention influence outcome?

“…The risk factors known to cause these folds include bullous RRD, RRD associated with giant retinal tears, incomplete SRF drainage, and poor compliance to post-operative posturing. [ 1 ] The possible causes of MF formation in the second case could be incomplete SRF drainage and patient's inability to maintain post-operative prone positioning. Due to the paucity of scientific reports, its management remains debatable.…”

“…While most authors advocate an early surgical intervention, some have reported spontaneous resolution of such folds. [ 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 ]…”

“…However, its rare occurrence precludes adequate literature evidence related to its management. [ 1 2 ] We present 2 cases of symptomatic dry macular fold (MF) which were managed successfully after different time intervals.…”

Commentary: Retinal folds: To operate or not to operate

“…Recent imaging modalities, especially Spectral domain Optical Coherence Tomography (SD-OCT) have brought in new perspectives in the management of these folds. [ 5 ] In view of this, decision-making in the management of these folds involves SD-OCT to ascertain if these folds are full thickness or partial thickness, outer or inner retinal folds, and whether they involve the fovea. Full-thickness retinal folds on SD-OCT present with photoreceptor to photoreceptor apposition, with or without ILM-to-ILM apposition.…”

“…Full-thickness retinal folds on SD-OCT present with photoreceptor to photoreceptor apposition, with or without ILM-to-ILM apposition. [ 5 ] In contrast, the partial thickness folds maybe limited to the inner retina, seen as altered and irregular inner surface of the retina on OCT or outer retinal folds, seen as hyperreflective RPE lines that may protrude into the nuclear layer with or without folding of the external limiting membrane (ELM) and ellipsoid zone (EZ). [ 5 ] Full-thickness retinal folds are differentiated from outer retinal folds by the association of inner retinal elevation and reduplication of full-thickness neurosensory retina in the former.…”