Innocent, transit, and archipelagic sea lanes passage

Evolve, Teeter, and Reinvigorate: Analyzing The Innocent Passage Through A Comprehensive Perspective

“…Originated from the idea of "navigation freedom", the concept was first formalized into literature in the Hague Convention 1930, and later experienced a series of modification and redefinition [3]. During this period (approximately 1958-1982), the "innocent passage" not only experienced changes in literal expressions, being related to or even referred to concepts like "transit passage" and "unimpeded passage", but also become highly controversial in a few specific contexts, for example, when the subject was a warship or a submarine, or when the passage took place in seas of archipelatic states and straits states [4,5].…”

“…According to scholars, the divergence in opinions about innocent passage are mostly based on different national interests. Larson stressed that the straits states held an reservations view due to their "national security and pollution control", while maritime great powers tended to support the principle for their interest in "international commerce and strategic security" [4]. The ideology confrontations, as well as the oppositions between camps during Cold War, was also considered to be in charge of some disputes about the innocent passage [6].…”