“…capital and research R&D expenditures, R&D investments, the number of researchers per one million people, direct costs on training, highly educated staff, training for skills development, gross government R&D costs, the number of R&D personnel, the number of skilled and experienced staffOgundari and Bolarinwa (2018),Bjerke and Johansson (2022),Läpple et al (2015),Islam et al (2022), Taques et al (2021,Cirera and Muzi (2020),Dziallas and Blind (2019),Dutta et al (2018), Janger et al (2017), Cruz- Cázares et al (2013,Hu et al (2018),Cavdar and Aydin (2015), andRamayah et al (2020) InstitutionsInstitutional incentives and policies, regulations quality, rule of law, political stability or sustainability, government effectivenessDutta et al (2018), Hu et al (2018), Luo et al (2019), and Oliveira et al (2019) Market sophistication Cooperation with other companies to develop trade, appropriate financial resources, allocation of government credits, granting national credit to the private sector, market capitalization, rate of customs tariffs, competition in domestic markets, credit for equipping and renovation farms, credit for the preparation of production inputs Lei et al (2023), Bjerke and Johansson (2022), Dutta et al (2018), Dziallas and Blind (2019), and Hu et al (2018) Infrastructure Costs related to ICT Information and Communication Technology, access to ICT, research infrastructure, use of online government services and electronic participation, equipment purchase Dutta et al (2018), Janger et al (2017), and Cavdar and Aydin (2015) Business sophistication Net inflow of foreign direct investment as a percentage of gross domestic income, imports of high-tech products as a percentage of total trade, rate of the use of advanced machinery, the number of certified seeds used Cavdar and Aydin (2015), Janger et al (2017), Dutta et al (2018), Ogundari and Bolarinwa (2018), Dziallas and Blind (2019), Cirera and Muzi (2020), and Taques et al patents and inventions filed annually by national and international authorities, the number of invention applications, articles published in scientific and technical journals, patent applications filed by residents in each country at local offices, the number of patent applications filed in international offices, level of export of high-tech products, labor force productivity, productivity of production inputs, productivity of energy, use of renewable energy in agriculture Lei et al (2023), Dutta et al (2018), Taques et al (2021), Janger et al (2017), Cruz-Cázares et al (2013), Hu et al (2018), Cavdar and Aydin (2015), Vochozka et al (2020), Vochozka et al (2020), Bencoova et al (2021), and Yao et al (2022) Creative outputs The number of registered trademarks, published outputs, domestic trademark registration, international trademark registration, export of creative goods (as a percentage of total trade), the number of patent certificates Taques et al (2021), Dziallas and Blind (2019), Dutta et al (201...…”