Innovation of natural essential oil-loaded Orabase for local treatment of oral candidiasis

Abstract

PurposeOral candidiasis may be manifested in the oral cavity as either mild or severe oral fungal infection. This infection results from the overgrowth of Candida species normally existing in the oral cavity in minute amounts based on many predisposing factors. Several aspects have spurred the search for new strategies in the treatment of oral candidiasis, among which are the limited numbers of new antifungal drugs developed in recent years. Previous studies have shown that thyme and clove oils have antimycotic activities and have suggested their incorporation into pharmaceutical preparations. This study aimed to investigate the possibility of the incorporation and characterization of essential oils or their extracted active ingredients in Orabase formulations.MethodsOrabase loaded with clove oil, thyme oil, eugenol, and thymol were prepared and evaluated for their antifungal activities, pH, viscosity, erosion and water uptake characteristics, mechanical properties, in vitro release behavior, and ex vivo mucoadhesion properties.ResultsAll prepared bases showed considerable antifungal activity and acceptable physical characteristics. The release pattern from loaded bases was considerably slow for all oils and active ingredients. All bases showed appreciable adhesion in the in vitro and ex vivo studies.ConclusionThe incorporation of essential oils in Orabase could help in future drug delivery design, with promising outcomes on patients’ well-being.

Evaluation of the Antibacterial Potential of Liquid and Vapor Phase Phenolic Essential Oil Compounds against Oral Microorganisms

“…Carvacrol and thymol showed inhibitory activity against both oral pathogens and food-borne microorganisms [ 47 – 49 ]. The anti- Candida activity of carvacrol and thymol were better than that of eugenol, and thymol has previously been used in Orabase [ 11 , 50 ], varnish [ 51 ], nano wound dressing [ 52 ], and for raw shrimp preservation [ 53 ]. Carvacrol was used in apple films [ 54 ].…”

“…The EO of Lippia gracilis Schauer leaves has significant synergism with several antibiotics [ 10 ]. The bioactive fractions of Lippia sidoides disrupt the integrity and weaken the structure of biofilms [ 11 ]. Using L .…”

Thymus Plants: A Review—Micropropagation, Molecular and Antifungal Activity

“…Invasive mycoses are especially problematic for immunocompromised individuals and patients in intensive care units, and some conditions can predispose as organ transplantation, the use of drugs in treatments as corticosteroids and antineoplastics, and complex surgical procedure acts [66,67]. Other cases may be found in patients suffering from diabetes mellitus, patients with human immunodeficiency virus infection, patients with neoplasias after receiving chemotherapy, patients with transplantation surgeries, or those with prolonged antibiotherapy [68].…”

“…Only limited numbers of new antifungal drugs were developed in recent years, and there are only small numbers of drugs available for their treatment [68]. Toxicity and drug resistance have become an increasing problem.…”

“…Variability in essential oil compounds might be linked to differences in concentration and amount recovered based on several factors, including species of plant used, method of extraction, solvents, and extraction time, which in turn may differ in their antifungal potency [68,89]. Differences can also be attributed to raw materials used (dried or fresh), types of soils used for cultivation, the harvesting time in the year, or differences in oil extraction techniques [90].…”