Innovations for prevention and care of oral candidiasis in HIV‐infected individuals: Are they available?—A workshop report

Abstract

Oral candidiasis (OC) is the most prevalent HIV‐related oral lesion in patients on combined anti‐retroviral therapy (cART) or without cART. Management is challenged in some patients by development of resistance to azole drugs, such as fluconazole. Recent scientific knowledge about OC pathogenesis, the role of OC in the immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome (IRIS), the relationship of OC with the microbiome, and novelties in OC treatment was discussed in an international workshop format. Literature searches were conducted to address five questions: (a) Considering the pathogenesis of Candida spp. infection, are there any potential therapeutic targets that could be considered, mainly in HIV‐infected individuals resistant to fluconazole? (b) Is oral candidiasis part of IRIS in HIV patients who receive cART? (c) Can management of the oral microbiome reduce occurrence of OC in patients with HIV infection? (d) What are the recent advances (since 2015) regarding plant‐based and alternative medicines in management of OC? and (e) Is there a role for photodynamic therapy in management of OC in HIV‐infected patients? A number of the key areas where further research is necessary were identified to allow a deeper insight into this oral condition that could help to understand its nature and recommend alternatives for care.

Anti-HIV and Anti-Candidal Effects of Methanolic Extract from Heteropterys brachiata

“…Approximately 80% of all HIV+/AIDS patients will present with at least one clinical event of OC in their lives and due to their immunodeficiency condition, they will present with continuous reinfections or reactivation of resident strains. Thus, these patients will need to undergo recurrent antimycotic treatments, which will increase the presence of albicans and non- albicans Candida strains resistant to antifungals in their bodies and will also increase the colonization of species with intrinsic resistance such as C. glabrata , C. dubliniensis, and C. auris [ 6 , 7 , 8 ].…”

Determine Relationship Between Xerostomia and Quality of Life of HIV Person’s Living in Prison

“…where continued HAART usage for at least 6 months decreased the risk for developing a complaint of too little saliva. [ 22 ]…”

Plant-Based Innovations for the Transition to Sustainability: A Bibliometric and in-Depth Content Analysis

“…Articles belonging to the medicinal/pharmaceutical research domain were primarily focused on new plant-origin ingredients to be used in pharmacy [105], medicine [106][107][108][109][110][111] and cosmetics [112].…”

“…This solution might replace unpleasant injections with oral administrations. Some innovations in oral products containing plant-derived compounds with antifungal activity (anti-Candida) have recently been developed [108]. They are also desirable innovations in the pharmacodynamics of antipsychotic treatment [111], as well as plantbased medicines for animals (veterinary phytomedicines) [113].…”