“…Various areas of research in writing have been explored extensively, including writing motivation (Guay, Gilbert, Falardeau, Bradet, & Boult, 2020;Ling et al, 2021;Wang, 2021), writing challenges (Jou, 2017;Lin & Morrison, 2021;Maagerø, Siljan, & Veum, 2021), and strategies and approaches to teaching writing (Azkarai & Kopinska, 2020;Yu, Jiang, & Zhou, 2020;Zhai, 2021). Besides the complexity of writing task (Golparvar & Rashidi, 2021;Hsu, 2020;Masrom, Nik Mohd Alwi, & Mat Daud, 2015;Ruiz-Funes, 2015), other predictors of students' writing behaviour include learning environment factors (Jiang & Zhang, 2020;Li & Mak, 2022;Nabiryo & Sekiziyivu, 2019), teacher factors (Dhanya & Alamelu, 2019;Meissel, Yao, & Meyer, 2022;Shi & Baker, 2022;Wang, Lee, & Park, 2020), and learner factors (Dhanya & Alamelu, 2019;Qiu & Lee, 2020;Teng, Wang, & Zhang, 2022). This paper focuses on learner factors, particularly psychological state, confidence, and attitudes toward writing.…”