Innovative Approach for Controlling Black Rot of Persimmon Fruits by Means of Nanobiotechnology from Nanochitosan and Rosmarinic Acid-Mediated Selenium Nanoparticles

Abstract

The protection of persimmon fruits (Diospyros kaki L.) from postharvest fungal infestation with Alternaria alternata (A. alternate; black rot) is a major agricultural and economic demand worldwide. Edible coatings (ECs) based on biopolymers and phytocompounds were proposed to maintain fruit quality, especially with nanomaterials’ applications. Chitosan nanoparticles (NCt), rosmarinic acid bio-mediated selenium nanoparticles (RA/SeNPs) and their composites were produced, characterized and evaluated as ECs for managing persimmon black rot. The constructed NCt, RA/SeNPs and NCt/RA/SeNPs composite had diminished particles’ size diameters. The ECs solution of 1% NCt and NCt/RA/SeNPs composite led to a significant reduction of A. alternata radial growth in vitro, with 77.4 and 97.2%, respectively. The most powerful ECs formula contained 10 mg/mL from NCt/RA/SeNPs composite, which significantly reduced fungal growth than imazalil fungicide. The coating of persimmon with nanoparticles-based ECs resulted in a significant reduction of black rot disease severity and incidence in artificially infected fruits; the treatment with 1% of NCt/RA/SeNPs could completely (100%) hinder disease incidence and severity in coated fruits, whereas imazalil reduced them by 88.6 and 73.4%, respectively. The firmness of fruits is greatly augmented after ECs treatments, particularly with formulated coatings with 1% NCt/RA/SeNPs composite, which maintain fruits firmness by 85.7%. The produced ECs in the current study, based on NCt/RA/SeNPs composite, are greatly recommended as innovatively constructed human-friendly matrix to suppress the postharvest destructive fungi (A. alternata) and maintain the shelf-life and quality of persimmon fruits.

Post-harvest biocontrol of Fusarium infection in tomato fruits using bio-mediated selenium nanoparticles

“…When 50% of fruits showed symptoms of shrinkage and/or spoilage, the fruits was considered to have reached the end of its shelf-life (Tolasa et al 2021 ). In general, ripened fruits are more susceptible to pathogen infection and decay faster than green ones (Rodrigues and Kakde 2019 ). The main bioactive compounds in ripened tomato are flavonoids, lycopene, and carotenoids as well as soluble sugars, β-carotene, vitamins, and tomatine.…”

Antifungal screening of selenium nanoparticles biosynthesized by microcystin-producing Desmonostoc alborizicum

“…Salem et al [ 82 ] suggested that nano-Se (synthesized by the green method), and nanocomposite agents with fungicidal effects were effective at controlling P. digitatum strains using concentrations of 10–100 µg/ml. SeNPs produced by the green method have been reported to have a wide range of antimicrobial activity against fungal pathogens in food such as Aspergillus brasiliensis , A. flavus , A. oryzae , A. ochraceus , F. anthophilum , and Rhizopus stolonifera [ 83 ], and that the use of very low concentrations of SeNPs synthesized by the green method (100 and 200 ppm) inhibited the growth of Pyricularia grisea [ 68 ].…”

Application of chitosan nanoparticles in quality and preservation of postharvest fruits and vegetables: A review

“…In some cases, the CHNPs were combined with metals, such as copper (Eshghi et al., 2014; Meena et al., 2020), titanium(IV) oxide (Helal et al., 2021), iron(III) oxide (Saqib et al., 2019), and selenium (Salem, Abd‑Elraoof, et al., 2022; Salem, Tayel, et al., 2022), while other studies described the combination of the CHNPs with silica (Youssef et al., 2019; Youssef & Roberto, 2020) and graphitic carbon nitride (Ni et al., 2022). In contrast with the addition of essential oils, the addition of metals and inorganic salts did not pose any obvious effect on the size of CHNPs.…”

“…CHNPs have been used for extending the shelf life of different postharvest products (Table 1), including fruits, leaves, such as basil (Hassan et al., 2021), coriander (Ali, Hassan, et al., 2022), lettuce (Paomephan et al., 2018), and marjoram (Amer & Shoala, 2020), flowers, such as roses (Ali, Issa, et al., 2022), and mushrooms (Karimirad et al., 2019, 2020; Karimirad et al., 2018; Karimirad et al., 2018; Valizadeh et al., 2021). The applications of CHNPs in fruits are the most common and cover a wide range of fruit types, including apples (Abdel‐Rahman et al., 2021; Zhao et al., 2021), apricots (Algarni et al., 2022), avocados (Chavez‐Magdaleno et al., 2018; Correa‐Pacheco et al., 2017), bananas (Wantat et al., 2022), blueberries (Medina et al., 2019), cherries (Arabpoor et al., 2021; Ma et al., 2019), chilies (Divya et al., 2018), citrus (Cuong et al., 2022), crabapples (Sun et al., 2020), cucumbers (Cui et al., 2018; Isturiz‐Zapata et al., 2020; Mohammadi et al., 2015b), eggplants (Divya et al., 2018), figs (Aparicio‐Garcia et al., 2021), grapes (Hashim et al., 2019; Silva et al., 2020; Youssef et al., 2019; Youssef et al., 2019), guavas (da Silva et al., 2021), olives (Mohamed et al., 2021), papayas (Allanigue et al., 2017), peppers (Correa‐Pacheco et al., 2021; Gonzalez‐Saucedo et al., 2019; Hernandez‐Lopez et al., 2020; Taheri et al., 2020), persimmons (Nasr et al., 2021; Salem, Tayel, et al., 2022), plums (Mahmoudi et al., 2022), pomegranates (Hasheminejad & Khodaiyan, 2020), raspberries (Ishkeh et al., 2021), strawberries (Hadidi et al., 2021; Hesami et al., 2021; Melo et al., 2018; Mohammadi et al., …”

“…For example, chitosan–silver NPs and Aspergillus niger ATCC 9642 inhibited spore germination and mycelial growth and caused damage to the DNA of citrus mold pathogens P. digitatum and P. italicum (Al‐Sheikh & Yehia, 2016). CHNPs inhibited the mycelial growth of R. solani , F. oxysporum , C. acutatum , and P. infestans (Divya et al., 2018), while CHNPs loaded with O. vulgare essential oil and chitosan–selenium NPs with rosmarinic acid inhibited the mycelial growth of A. alternata (Salem, Tayel, et al., 2022; Yilmaz et al., 2019). Zein/carboxymethyl chitosan core–shell NPs containing natamycin inhibited spore germination and mycelial growth of B. cinerea (Lin et al., 2020; Youssef et al., 2019).…”