Innovative definition of nature of the nerve impulses

Abdelhady, Salama

doi:10.1016/j.asej.2019.10.014

Cited by 2 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 28 publications

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“…So, they describe the transmission of the nerve impulses across the membranes of the neural cells as due to a difference between concentration of ions while they measure a propagating electric potential, or an action potential, that allows the propagation of the nerve impulses as electric signals without attenuation [8]. The newly defined nature of the nerve impulses as electric charges which have an electric potential matches the measured features of the nerve impulses and its propagating action potential [9]. In this article, it will be verified, theoretically and practically, the truth of the submitted innovative definitions of the electric charges and the nerve impulses.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 94%

“…of the nerve impulses as electric charges and assume the existence of an electrochemical "Na + /K + pump" to describe a neuron mechanism that generates the action potential across the cell membrane, Figure 11 [34]. Imaginary motions of an action potential impulse like the motion of the nerve impulse are also hypothesized while both, the action potential and the nerve impulse, have different natures and dimensions [9]. Such ionic hypothesis cannot also describe the high speed of the nerve impulses which have its own propagating-action potential, and it also ignores the measured nature of tissues of the nervous system that imitates the electrical wiring [35].…”

Section: Generation Of the Inverse Impulses And Its Action Potentialmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Proper Understanding of the Nerve Impulses and the Action Potential

Abdelhady¹

2023

WJNS

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Neurologists define the transmission of nerve impulses across the membranes of the neural cells as a result of difference in the concentration of ions while they measured an electric potential, called as an action potential, which allows the propagation of such nerve impulses as electrical signals. Such measurements should guide them to a logical explanation of the nerve impulses as electric charges driven by the measured action potential. However, such logical conclusion, or explanation, is ignored due to a wrong definition of the flow of electric charges as a flow of electrons that cannot pass through neural networks. According to recent studies, electric charges are properly defined as electromagnetic (EM) waves whose energy is expressed as the product of its propagating electric potential times their entropy flow which is adhered to the flow of such energy. Such definition matches the logical conclusion of the nerve impulses as electric charges, as previously explained, and defines the entropy of the neural network, measured by Ammeters, in Watt or Joule/Volt. The measured entropy represents a neurodiagnostic property of the neural networks that measures its capacity to allow the flow of energy per unit action potential. Theoretical verification of the innovative definition of nerve impulses is presented by following an advanced entropy approach. A proper review of the machine records of the stimulating electric charges, used in the diagnosis of the neural networks, and the stimulated nerve impulses or stimulated responses, represents practical verifications of the innovative definitions of the electric charges and the nerve impulses. Comparing the functioning of the thermoelectric generators and the brain neurons, such neurons are defined as thermoelectric generators of the electric nerve impulses and their propagating, or action, potential.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 94%

Section: Generation Of the Inverse Impulses And Its Action Potentialmentioning

confidence: 99%

Proper Understanding of the Nerve Impulses and the Action Potential

Abdelhady¹

2023

WJNS

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“…As a result of such confusion, the nerve impulse is traditionally defined in their literature as an ionic current that is moving along the length of the neurotransmitters by the force of an unknown "action potential" and they imagine a separate motion of such action potential. Such confusion can be ended by a proper understanding of the nature of the observed electric signals as a flow of electric charges properly defined as EM waves which have a definite electric potential [69]. Such innovation was discussed in a previous article by S. AbdelHady where the action potential is defined as the electric potential of the electric signal emerged from the brain as seen in Figure 14 [69].…”

Section: Impacts Of Proper Understanding Of Energy Fluxes On True Und...mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Such confusion can be ended by a proper understanding of the nature of the observed electric signals as a flow of electric charges properly defined as EM waves which have a definite electric potential [69]. Such innovation was discussed in a previous article by S. AbdelHady where the action potential is defined as the electric potential of the electric signal emerged from the brain as seen in Figure 14 [69]. Such electric signals of assigned electric potential are created in the brain which accounts for 25% of the body's total glucose utilization and 20% of oxygen consumption [70].…”

Section: Impacts Of Proper Understanding Of Energy Fluxes On True Und...mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Such power is activated by the temperature difference across the cell membranes ∆T which is converted into electric potential when crossing sodiumpotassium junctions at the sides of the membranes by Seebeck Effect [55]. Hence, the neural cell performs the function of thermoelectric generator to convert part of the heat produced by the metabolic operation of the neural cells into electric signals by converting its thermal potential ∆T, measured across the membranes of the neural cells, into electric potential ∆V [69]. However, the potential of the nerve impulse is magnified when crossing legs of the cell membrane formed of successive sodiumpotassium junctions or legs by accumulating the gained electric potential [69].…”

Section: Impacts Of Proper Understanding Of Energy Fluxes On True Und...mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Proper Understanding of the Natures of Electric Charges and Magnetic Flux

Abdelhady¹

2023

Electromagnetic Field in Advancing Science and Technology

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According to an analogy between the laws that characterize the flow of heat, electric charges, and magnetic flux, and to results of Faraday’s experiments, the electric charge and the magnetic flux were defined and visualized in previous research as energy flux in the form of electromagnetic waves (EM) that have electric or magnetic potentials and that all potentials can be measured by the Volt. The proofs of such statements will be enlightened in this chapter. Recognizing the nature of electric charges as energy; the electric current, defined traditionally as the rate of flow of electric charges would have the unit of power, i.e., Watt. As the ammeter does not measure the power but measures, according to its definition, the quotient of the electric power divided by the electric potential, then its unit should be “Watt/Volt.” So, the ammeter does not measure an electric current if it is defined as the rate of flow of electric charges. However, the unit “Watt/Volt” of the ammeter’s readings is distinguished as a unit of a property of the electric field that defines the capacity of the electric field to allow flow of a definite rate of electric energy by force of a unit of the electric potential, i.e., by 1 Volt. It will be shown in the presented study that this capacity measures also the rate of growth of one of the physical properties of the electric field which is called “entropy.” Hence, the ammeter measures acceptability of the electric field to the flow of electric power and measures the rate of generation of entropy, or destruction of exergy of the measured electric field. By analogy between the electric and magnetic energies, it will be proved that the magnetic fluxmeter measures also the quotient of the magnetic power divided by the magnetic potential and its unit “Watt/Volt” represents the rate of entropy generation in the magnetic field. So, recognizing the electric charge and magnetic flux as forms of energy, the SI system of units can be modified by deleting the Ampere as unneeded base unit. Such modification removes, as will be shown, redundancies in the traditional SI system of units and homogenize the units of thermal, electric, and magnetic fields. This chapter will present a study of the impacts of the new definitions of electric current and magnetic flux on proper explanation of phenomena in the field of electromagnetic and photoelectric effects, on proper understanding of the duality confusion and on the wireless power transfer that has a long history. At the end of this chapter, it will be shown how such proper understanding of fluxes leads to proper understanding of the nerve impulses and of the techniques of stimulating the neural systems for diagnosis of diseases of the neural systems.

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Innovative definition of nature of the nerve impulses

Cited by 2 publications

References 28 publications

Proper Understanding of the Nerve Impulses and the Action Potential

Proper Understanding of the Nerve Impulses and the Action Potential

Proper Understanding of the Natures of Electric Charges and Magnetic Flux

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