Innovative developments for long‐term mammalian pest control

Blackie, Helen; MacKay, Jamie; Allen, Will; Smith, Des H. V.; Barrett, Brent; Whyte, Belinda I.; Murphy, Elaine; Ross, James G.; Shapiro, Lee; Ogilvie, Shaun C.; Sam, Shona A.; MacMorran, Duncan; Inder, Shane; Eason, Charles

doi:10.1002/ps.3627

Cited by 49 publications

(38 citation statements)

References 37 publications

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“…21 Vitamin K 1 (phylloquinone) is an antidote to AR intoxication, and has long been used to treat 104 people, companion animals, and occasionally wildlife. 27 Its administration results in the 105 formation of the vitamin K hydroquinone by DT-diaphorase, a vitamin K cycle enzyme which is 106 resistant to ARs, 25 thus restoring carboxylation of clotting factors. warfarin resistance is at Y139; common mutations include substitutions of S, C, and F, for Y.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Adverse Outcome Pathway and Risks of Anticoagulant Rodenticides to Predatory Wildlife

Rattner

Lazarus

Elliott

et al. 2014

Environ. Sci. Technol.

174

133

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The NERC and CEH trademarks and logos ('the Trademarks') are registered trademarks of NERC in the UK and other countries, and may not be used without the prior written consent of the Trademark owner. ARs in the U.S. in 1997, 3 (ii) a market analysis suggesting that U. ADVERSE OUTCOME PATHWAY FOR ANTICOAGULANT RODENTICIDES 60An AOP is a conceptual framework portraying existing knowledge as a logical sequence of 61 processes linking a direct molecular initiating event to an adverse effect across multiple levels of 62 biological organization, which is relevant in risk assessment. [17][18][19] In an ecological context, warfarin resistance is at Y139; common mutations include substitutions of S, C, and F, for Y. 119Other common mutations that afford warfarin resistance are indicated in yellow. 9 FGARs (warfarin, chlorophacinone) exceeded levels of concern for non-target birds and 296 mammals. Consumption of SGAR-exposed prey also exceeded levels of concern for predatory 297 birds and mammals. While consumption of FGAR-exposed prey posed a hazard for non-target 298 mammals, levels of concern were rarely exceeded for birds. 4 In some use scenarios (e.g., 299Rozol® for control of prairie dogs, Cynomys ludovicianus), label requirements even state that 300 applicators must make multiple follow-up visits after application to remove dead or dying target 301 species to mitigate hazard to non-target scavengers and predators. 86 UNSOLVED ISSUES 380There are significant unknowns related to exposure and effects to predatory wildlife associated 381 with use of ARs. Among these are basic and applied data needs to supplement risk assessments. 382Some of these data are best derived from controlled exposure trials using captive animals, while 383 other information can only be generated from field observations and hypothesis-driven eco-384 epidemiological studies, and even a combination of these activities. Exposure pathways can be complex, with non-target predators encountering a combination 396 of ARs. Notably, tissues analyzed from mortality incidents document exposure to multiple 397 SGARs to varying degrees, 12,51,52,56,62,63,65,68,71,100 and occasionally even combinations of FGARs 398 and SGARs. 51,56 That suggests that some predators may reside and forage opportunistically at the 399 interface of urban/suburban/rural and agricultural settings. For example, rats and non-target 400 small mammals (but not house mice) exposed to SGARs while indoors may move outdoors from 419In contrast to the aforementioned terrestrial exposure pathway, there is now evidence that 420 warfarin, at nanogram per liter quantities, is detectable in some wastewater effluents. 120 Its 421 source is presumed to be of human origin. However, based on both its low concentration and log 422 K ow (2.37), it is highly unlikely that this is a significant source of exposure for predatory wildlife. hemorrhagic syndrome in chickens, and warfarin sensitivity and resistance in rats, has been 436 studied in great detail, 125 vitamin K status has not been e...

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mentioning

confidence: 99%

Adverse Outcome Pathway and Risks of Anticoagulant Rodenticides to Predatory Wildlife

Rattner

Lazarus

Elliott

et al. 2014

Environ. Sci. Technol.

174

133

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“…Researchers are investigating new active ingredients as well as rodenticides containing two-active ingredients (i.e., an anticoagulant and an acute toxicant in one bait, but at lower concentrations than in single active ingredient rodenticides). A new active ingredient, sodium nitrite, is being evaluated as a rodenticide and as a feral pig toxicant (Blackie et al 2014;Eason et al 2010). However, preliminary studies suggest it may be much more effective with feral pigs than with rodents (Campbell et al 2015;Witmer et al 2013).…”

Section: Research On New Active Ingredient Toxicants and Combination mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Some researchers are re-visiting formerly registered active ingredients such as norbormide (Campbell et al 2015). Some of the research efforts with potential new rodenticides have been reported by Baldwin et al (2016Baldwin et al ( , 2017, Blackie et al (2014), Campbell et al (2015), Eason et al (2010), Morgan et al (2013), Witmer and Moulton (2014), and Witmer et al (2014a). Another recent research area that is showing good promise is the development and testing of longterm, re-setting toxin delivery systems (Blackie et al 2014;Murphy et al 2014;Witmer and Moulton 2016).…”

Section: Research On New Active Ingredient Toxicants and Combination mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, Warburton and Gormley (2015) determined which type of tap was more efficient: at low densities, larger numbers of single capture traps were more efficient, whereas at higher densities, fewer multiple capture traps was more efficient. Research is also underway to improve the species-specificity of selfresetting, multiple kill traps (e.g., Blackie et al 2014;Campbell et al 2015).…”

Section: Trapsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Perspectives on Existing and Potential New Alternatives to Anticoagulant Rodenticides and the Implications for Integrated Pest Management

Witmer¹

2017

Emerging Topics in Ecotoxicology

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“…Because of the controversy surrounding 1080 (Parliamentary Commissioner for the Environment 2011; Goldson et al 2015), researchers are exploring a range of new baits and delivery mechanisms (Eason and Ogilvie 2009;Blackie et al 2014Blackie et al , 2016Shapiro et al 2016). A new delivery method currently under development is woven flax packets/balls (flax bombs) containing toxin and coated in a thin layer of wax.…”

Section: What Uavs Can Bring To the Picture?mentioning

confidence: 99%

The potential of using Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) for precision pest control of possums (Trichosurus vulpecula)

Morley¹,

Braodley²,

Hartley³

et al. 2017

ReEco

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Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) and remote image sensing cameras have considerable potential for use in pest control operations. UAVs equipped with remote sensing cameras could be flown over forests and remnant bush sites, particularly those not currently receiving any pest control, to record the unique spectral signature of the vegetation and to detect the presence of possums (Trichosurus vulpecula) and the damage they cause. UAVs could then be deployed to precisely distribute either toxins or kill traps to these identified locations. Predator-free 2050 is an ambitious policy announced by the New Zealand Government where several pests, including possums, are to be eradicated by the year 2050. In order to achieve this goal, pests must be identified, targeted and controlled, requiring creative and novel ideas. UAVs provide flexibility, can fly in remote and difficult terrain, and are considerably cheaper to purchase and operate than the planes and helicopters currently used in conventional aerial pest control operations. Current challenges associated with UAVs include payload capacity, battery limitations, weather, and flying restrictions. However, these issues are rapidly being resolved with sophisticated technological advances and improved regulations. A directed and targeted approach using UAVs is an additional and novel tool in the pest management toolbox that could significantly reduce pest control costs, cover inaccessible areas not receiving any pest management, and will help New Zealand advance towards its predator-free aspiration by 2050.

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Innovative developments for long‐term mammalian pest control

Cited by 49 publications

References 37 publications

Adverse Outcome Pathway and Risks of Anticoagulant Rodenticides to Predatory Wildlife

Adverse Outcome Pathway and Risks of Anticoagulant Rodenticides to Predatory Wildlife

Perspectives on Existing and Potential New Alternatives to Anticoagulant Rodenticides and the Implications for Integrated Pest Management

The potential of using Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) for precision pest control of possums (Trichosurus vulpecula)

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