Innovative output, and a firm's propensity to patent.

Environmental management systems and technological environmental innovations: Exploring the causal relationship

“…environmental product and process innovations, as specific kind of technological innovations consist of new products and processes to avoid or reduce environmental burden (e.g., Ziegler and Rennings, 2004). Due to this definition, we consider the output of the total environmental innovation process and do not use environmental patents as a proxy for technological environmental innovations (such as Brunnermeier and Cohen, 2003;Nameroff et al, 2004;or -to some extent -Wagner, 2007) because (environmental) patents need not be translated into new products and processes and are therefore problematic technological (environmental) innovations indicators (e.g., Brouwer and Kleinknecht, 1999).…”

Innovation and institutional ownership revisited: an empirical investigation with count data models

“…If it is the case that the first innovation (the first citation-weighted patent count) is especially hard to obtain in comparison with succeeding innovations, hurdle models offer a useful way that allows for a distinction to be made between these two processes. The rationale behind this is the notion of nonlinearities in the innovation process (König and Licht 1995;Licht and Zoz 1996;Crepon and Duguet 1997;Brouwer and Kleinknecht 1999;Mohnen and Röller 2005;Mäkinen 2007). Then, the processes that drive innovative outcome might themselves be affected by a number of different driving factors.…”

“…However, in this context the discussion only rarely addresses to what extent hurdle models can lead to new insights into the emergence of innovation. Nevertheless, some scholars have stated that there are two phases of the innovation process that are subject to different constraints (König and Licht 1995;Licht and Zoz 1996;Crepon and Duguet 1997;Brouwer and Kleinknecht 1999;Mohnen and Röller 2005;Mäkinen 2007). Moreover, Xu et al (2015) find that the influence of institutional owners is not the same for these differing innovation processes, thus justifying the use of hurdle models.…”

“…Another part of the literature has found that the propensity to patent-the fraction of innovations for which at least one patent application is filed-differs across industries, firms, and kinds of innovations (Comanor and Scherer 1969;Basberg 1987;Griliches 1990;Archibugi and Planta 1996;Kleinknecht et al 2002;Van Der Panne and Kleinknecht 2005). To model these nonlinearities in the innovation process, hurdle models are, though not very frequently, applied in the literature (König and Licht 1995;Licht and Zoz 1996;Crepon and Duguet 1997;Brouwer and Kleinknecht 1999). For example, Licht and Zoz (1996) state that the decision to apply for a first patent and the decision to apply for succeeding patents are ruled by different processes.…”

Quantity or quality? Knowledge alliances and their effects on patenting

“…For instance, Shan et al (1994) show that collaborations in the biotechnology industry affect patenting activity and that the causality goes exclusively from collaboration to innovation and not the other way around. Brouwer and Kleinknecht (1999) and Van Ophem et al (2001) found that a firm's propensity to patent is significantly higher among R&D collaborators Thus, previous research indeed strongly suggests that firms involved in R&D partnerships may benefit from a multitude of channels like gaining access to complementary technological know-how and in some cases financial resources that reduce time and resource requirements, speeding up the R&D process (e.g. Mody 1993; Mowery et al 1996).…”