Inorganic and Total Arsenic Contents in Rice‐Based Foods for Children with Celiac Disease

Munera-Picazo, Sandra; Ramírez-Gandolfo, Amanda; Burló, Francisco

doi:10.1111/1750-3841.12310

Cited by 38 publications

(34 citation statements)

References 23 publications

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“…Rice and rice-based products are common during the weaning process and when feeding young children, especially those suffering from celiac disease, however, they may contain high concentrations of i-As, and therefore maximum i-As levels have been established to protect the most vulnerable subpopulations such as infants and young children [7,17,30]. In this study, nearly ¾ of the baby rice and the rice crackers labelled specifically for infants and young children exceeded the EU maximum i-As limit (0.1 mg/kg).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Levels of infants’ urinary arsenic metabolites related to formula feeding and weaning with rice products exceeding the EU inorganic arsenic standard

Signes-Pastor

Woodside²,

McMullan

et al. 2017

PLoS ONE

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Early childhood inorganic arsenic (i-As) exposure is of particular concern since it may adversely impact on lifetime health outcomes. Infants’ urinary arsenic (As) metabolites were analysed in 79 infants by inductively coupled plasma—mass spectrometric detection (IC-ICP-MS) to evaluate i-As exposure pre- and post-weaning. Levels of i-As in rice-based weaning and infants’ foods were also determined to relate to urinary As levels. Higher As levels, especially of monomethylarsonic acid (MMA) and dimethylarsinic acid (DMA), were found in urine from formula fed infants compared to those breastfed. Urine from infants post-weaning consuming rice-products resulted in higher urinary MMA and DMA compared to the paired pre-weaning urine samples. The European Union (EU) has regulated i-As in rice since 1st January 2016. Comparing infants’ rice-based foods before and after this date, little change was found. Nearly ¾ of the rice-based products specifically marketed for infants and young children contained i-As over the 0.1 mg/kg EU limit. Efforts should be made to provide low i-As rice and rice-based products consumed by infants and young children that do not exceed the maximum i-As level to protect this vulnerable subpopulation.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Levels of infants’ urinary arsenic metabolites related to formula feeding and weaning with rice products exceeding the EU inorganic arsenic standard

Signes-Pastor

Woodside²,

McMullan

et al. 2017

PLoS ONE

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show abstract

“…Investigations that have focused on these products and rice products targeted at the macrobiotic, vegan, lactose intolerant and gluten-free food market also found substantial amounts of iAs in a significant proportion of samples, showing that they represent an important exposure source for the relevant population groups (Carbonell-Barrachina et al, 2012; Signes-Pastor et al, 2016; Sun et al, 2009). Infants with celiac disease appear to be a particularly vulnerable subgroup of the population (Munera-Picazo et al, 2014). …”

Section: Summary Of Arsenic Species Levels In Foods and Beveragesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Human exposure to dietary inorganic arsenic and other arsenic species: State of knowledge, gaps and uncertainties

Cubadda

Jackson

Cottingham

et al. 2017

Science of The Total Environment

208

113

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Inorganic arsenic (iAs) is ubiquitous in the environment as arsenite (AsIII) and arsenate (AsV) compounds and biotransformation of these toxic chemicals leads to the extraordinary variety of organoarsenic species found in nature. Despite classification as a human carcinogen based on data from populations exposed through contaminated drinking water, only recently has a need for regulatory limits on iAs in food been recognized. The delay was due to the difficulty in risk assessment of dietary iAs, which critically relies on speciation analysis providing occurrence data for iAs in food – and not simply for total arsenic. In the present review the state of knowledge regarding arsenic speciation in food and diet is evaluated with focus on iAs and human exposure assessment through different dietary approaches including duplicate diet studies, market basket surveys, and total diet studies. The analytical requirements for obtaining reliable data for iAs in food are discussed and iAs levels in foods and beverages are summarized, along with information on other (potentially) toxic co-occurring organoarsenic compounds. Quantitative exposure assessment of iAs in food is addressed, focusing on the need of capturing variability and extent of exposure and identifying what dietary items drive very high exposure for certain population groups. Finally, gaps and uncertainties are discussed, including effect of processing and cooking, and iAs bioavailability.

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“…In 2014, the WHO/FAO, through the CODEX Alimentarius has proposed a guideline level for inorganic As in polished and husked rice of 0.2 mg/kg (9), but consensus was not reached for inorganic levels in brown rice. Another particular area of study has been the levels of total and inorganic As in rice products specifically marketed for infants and children (41-45) whose low body weight compared to adults puts them disproportionally at risk from exposure to contaminants. Overall, future guideline levels for rice need to be evidence-based while considering feasibility and technical challenges.…”

Section: Determination Of Total Trace Element Concentrations In Foodmentioning

confidence: 99%

Recent Advances in the Measurement of Arsenic, Cadmium, and Mercury in Rice and Other Foods

Jackson

Punshon

2015

Curr Envir Health Rpt

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Trace element analysis of foods is of increasing importance because of raised consumer awareness and the need to evaluate and establish regulatory guidelines for toxic trace metals and metalloids. This paper reviews recent advances in the analysis of trace elements in food, including challenges, state-of-the art methods, and use of spatially resolved techniques for localizing the distribution of As and Hg within rice grains. Total elemental analysis of foods is relatively well-established but the push for ever lower detection limits requires that methods be robust from potential matrix interferences which can be particularly severe for food. Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) is the method of choice, allowing for multi-element and highly sensitive analyses. For arsenic, speciation analysis is necessary because the inorganic forms are more likely to be subject to regulatory limits. Chromatographic techniques coupled to ICP-MS are most often used for arsenic speciation and a range of methods now exist for a variety of different arsenic species in different food matrices. Speciation and spatial analysis of foods, especially rice, can also be achieved with synchrotron techniques. Sensitive analytical techniques and methodological advances provide robust methods for the assessment of several metals in animal and plant-based foods, in particular for arsenic, cadmium and mercury in rice and arsenic speciation in foodstuffs.

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Inorganic and Total Arsenic Contents in Rice‐Based Foods for Children with Celiac Disease

Cited by 38 publications

References 23 publications

Levels of infants’ urinary arsenic metabolites related to formula feeding and weaning with rice products exceeding the EU inorganic arsenic standard

Levels of infants’ urinary arsenic metabolites related to formula feeding and weaning with rice products exceeding the EU inorganic arsenic standard

Human exposure to dietary inorganic arsenic and other arsenic species: State of knowledge, gaps and uncertainties

Recent Advances in the Measurement of Arsenic, Cadmium, and Mercury in Rice and Other Foods

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