Inorganic–Organic Dual-Ligand-Regulated Photocatalysis of CdS@Zn_xCd_1–xS@ZnS Quantum Dots for Lignin Valorization

Abstract

In a dual-functional lignin valorization system, a harmonious oxidation and reduction rate is a prerequisite for high photocatalytic performance. Herein, an efficient and facile ligand manipulating strategy to balance the redox reaction process is exploited via decorating the surface of the CdS@Zn x Cd1–x S@ZnS gradient-alloyed quantum dots with both inorganic ligands of hexafluorophosphate (PF6 –) and organic ligands of mercaptopropionic acid (MPA). Inorganic ion ligands in this system provide a promotion for intermediator reduction reactions. By optimizing the ligand composition on the quantum dot surface, we achieve precise control over the extent of oxidation and reduction, enabling selective modification of reaction products; that is, the conversion rate of 2-phenoxy-1-phenylethanol reached 99%. Surface engineering by regulating the ligand type demonstrates that PF6 – and thiocyanate (SCN–) inorganic ion ligands contribute significantly toward electron transfer, while MPA ligands have beneficial effects on the hole-transfer procedure, which is predominantly dependent on their steric hindrance, electrostatic action, and passivation effect. The present study offers insights into the development of efficient quantum dot photocatalysts for dual-functional biomass valorization through ligand design.