Inorganic PM2.5 at a U.S. agricultural site

Walker, John S.; Robarge, Wayne P.; Shendrikar, A.D.; Kimball, Hoke

doi:10.1016/j.envpol.2005.05.019

Cited by 51 publications

(36 citation statements)

References 41 publications

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“…Given the relatively high concentration of NH 3 around the egg production facility, if gas-phase NH 3 was in stable equilibrium with sulfate aerosol, then the ratio should be close to 2. The low (NH 4 þ ) s /SO 4 2À molar ratios were also observed by other studies in other agriculture areas (Baek and Aneja, 2004;Walker et al, 2006). Wexler and Seinfeld (1990) found that ammonium salts in gas-aerosol phases were not always in stable equilibrium, especially under low aerosol loading and cooler conditions.…”

supporting

confidence: 64%

“…The strong correlation between Na þ and Cl À indicated they both might come from feed additives, or a consequence of marine aerosol transport (Atlantic Ocean, 240 km away). However, K þ is a tracer of biomass burning and it is not directly connected with Cl À (Chow, 1995;Lanz et al, 2008 (Walker et al, 2006). Figure 4 shows the distribution of the (NH 4 þ ) s /SO 4 2À molar ratios at ambient stations with a mean in 1.75.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Major ionic compositions of fine particulate matter in an animal feeding operation facility and its vicinity

Wang-Li

Liu

et al. 2014

Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association

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Animal feeding operations (AFOs) produce particulate matter (PM) and gaseous pollutants. Investigation of the chemical composition of PM 2.5 inside and in the local vicinity of AFOs can help to understand the impact of the AFO emissions on ambient secondary PM formation. This study was conducted on a commercial egg production farm in North Carolina. Samples of PM 2.5 were collected from five stations, with one located in an egg production house and the other four located in the vicinity of the farm along four wind directions. The major ions of NH 4 þ , Na , and NH 4 þ were the two most abundant ions. In the house, NH 4 þ , SO 4 2À , and NO 3 À accounted for only 10% of the PM 2.5 mass; at ambient locations, NH 4 þ , SO 4 2À , and NO 3 À accounted for 36-41% of the PM 2.5 mass. In the house, NH 4 þ had small seasonal variations indicating that gasphase NH 3 was not the only major force driving its gas-particle partitioning. At the ambient stations, NH 4 þ had the highest concentrations in summer. In the house, K þ , Na þ , and Cl À were highly correlated with each other. In ambient locations, SO 4 2À and NH 4 þ had a strong correlation, whereas in the house, SO 4 2À and NH 4 þ had a very weak correlation. Ambient temperature and solar radiation were positively correlated with NH 4 þ and SO 4 2À. This study suggests that secondary PM formation inside the animal house was not an important source of PM 2.5 . In the vicinity, NH 3 emissions had greater impact on PM 2.5 formation.Implications: The chemical composition of PM 2.5 inside and in the local vicinity of AFOs showed the impact of the AFO emissions on ambient secondary PM 2.5 formation, and the fate and transport of air pollutants associated with AFOs. The results may help to manage in-house animal facility air quality, and to develop regional air quality control strategies and policies, especially in animal agriculture-concentrated areas.

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supporting

confidence: 64%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Major ionic compositions of fine particulate matter in an animal feeding operation facility and its vicinity

Wang-Li

Liu

et al. 2014

Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association

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“…As listed in Table 1, the concentration of NH 3 at the NCP rural site was lower than that reported at Asian and African urban sites such as Lahore (Pakistan; Biswas et al, 2008), Colonelganj (India; Behera and Sharma, 2010), and Cairo (Egypt; Hassan et al, 2013) but higher than those from other areas in China, Europe, and North America (Plessow et al, 2005;Yao et al, 2006;Lin et al, 2006;Walker et al, 2006;Hu et al, 2008;Meng et al, 2011Meng et al, , 2014Shen et al, 2011;Schaap et al, 2011;Makkonen et al, 2012;Behera et al, 2013;Gong et al, 2013;Li et al, 2014). For example, the NH 3 at the NCP rural site was higher than that found at the Shangdianzi regional background station in the NCP (Meng et al, 2011), Lin'an regional background station in the Yangtze River Delta (YRD) in eastern China (Meng et al, 2014), and the rural site in Beijing .…”

Section: Overview Of Concentration Levels Of Measured Speciesmentioning

confidence: 91%

“…As global food production requirements increase, agriculture plays an increasingly important role in local, regional, and global air quality (Walker et al, 2006). The North China Plain (NCP) is a highly populated region with intensive agricultural production as well as heavy industry.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Role of ambient ammonia in particulate ammonium formation at a rural site in the North China Plain

et al. 2018

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Abstract. The real-time measurements of NH 3 and trace gases were conducted, in conjunction with semi-continuous measurements of water-soluble ions in PM 2.5 at a rural site in the North China Plain (NCP) from May to September 2013 in order to better understand chemical characteristics of ammonia and the impact of secondary ammonium aerosols on formation in the NCP. Extremely high NH 3 and NH + 4 concentrations were observed after a precipitation event within 7-10 days following urea application. Elevated NH 3 levels coincided with elevated NH + 4 , indicating that NH 3 likely influenced particulate ammonium mass. For the sampling period, the average conversion / oxidation ratios for NH + 4 (NHR), SO 2− 4 (SOR), and NO − 3 (NOR) were estimated to be 0.30, 0.64, and 0.24, respectively. The increased NH 3 concentrations, mainly from agricultural activities and regional transport, coincided with the prevailing meteorological conditions. The high NH 3 level with NHR of about 0.30 indicates that the emission of NH 3 in the NCP is much higher than needed for aerosol acid neutralisation, and NH 3 plays an important role in the formation of secondary aerosols as a key neutraliser. The hourly data obtained were used to investigate gas-aerosol partitioning characteristics using the thermody-

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“…5 and Table 3) showed that the measured concentration products were higher than the theoretical predictions at low temperatures (Walker et al, 2006), with the exception of two days, 3 and 5 in February, where the K mn are lower than K n . Thus, almost on all days NH 4 NO 3 would be expected to be formed at Beijing site under winter conditions, in agreement with other results (Harrison and Pio, 1983;Allen et al, 1989;Harrison and Mackenzie, 1990;Pio et al, 1992;Possanzini et al, 1992;Mehlmann and Warneck, 1995;Danalatos and Glavas, 1999;Gupta et al, 2003).…”

Section: Temporal Variationmentioning

confidence: 93%

Chemical characteristics of inorganic ammonium salts in PM<sub>2.5</sub> in the atmosphere of Beijing (China)

et al. 2011

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Abstract. The atmospheric concentrations of gaseous HNO 3 , HCl and NH 3 and their relative salts have been measured during two field campaigns in the winter and in the summer of 2007 at Beijing (China), as part of CARE-BEIJING (Campaigns of Air Quality Research in Beijing and Surrounding Region). In this study, annular denuder technique used with integration times of 2 and 24h to collect inorganic and soluble PM 2.5 without interferences from gas-particle and particle-particle interactions. The results were discussed from the standpoint of temporal and diurnal variations and meteorological effects. Fine particulate Cl − , NH 4 were higher during summer (12.30 µg m −3 and 18.24 µg m −3 , respectively) than during winter (6.51 µg m −3 and 7.50 µg m −3 , respectively). Daily mean concentrations of fine particulate Cl − were higher during winter (2.94 µg m −3 ) than during summer (0.79 µg m −3 ), while fine particulate NO − 3 showed similar both in winter (8.38 µg m −3 ) and in summer (9.62 µg m −3 ) periods. The presence of large amounts of fine particulate NO − 3 even in summer are due to higher local and regional concentrations of NH 3 in the atmosphere available to neutralize H 2 SO 4 and HNO 3 , which is consistent with the observation that the measured particulate species were neutralized. The composition of fine particulate matter indicated the domination of (NH 4 ) 2 SO 4 during winter and summer periods. In addition, the high relative humidity conditions in summer periodCorrespondence to: A. Ianniello (ianniello@iia.cnr.it) seemed to dissolve a significant fraction of HNO 3 and NH 3 enhancing fine particulate NO − 3 and NH + 4 in the atmosphere. All measured particulate species showed diurnal similar patterns during the winter and summer periods with higher peaks in the early morning, especially in summer, when humid and stable atmospheric conditions occurred. These diurnal variations were affected by wind direction suggesting regional and local source influences. The fine particulate species were correlated with NO x and PM 2.5 , supporting the hypothesis that traffic may be also an important source of secondary particles.

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Inorganic PM2.5 at a U.S. agricultural site

Cited by 51 publications

References 41 publications

Major ionic compositions of fine particulate matter in an animal feeding operation facility and its vicinity

Major ionic compositions of fine particulate matter in an animal feeding operation facility and its vicinity

Role of ambient ammonia in particulate ammonium formation at a rural site in the North China Plain

Chemical characteristics of inorganic ammonium salts in PM<sub>2.5</sub> in the atmosphere of Beijing (China)

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Inorganic PM2.5 at a U.S. agricultural site

Cited by 51 publications

References 41 publications

Major ionic compositions of fine particulate matter in an animal feeding operation facility and its vicinity

Major ionic compositions of fine particulate matter in an animal feeding operation facility and its vicinity

Role of ambient ammonia in particulate ammonium formation at a rural site in the North China Plain

Chemical characteristics of inorganic ammonium salts in PM&lt;sub&gt;2.5&lt;/sub&gt; in the atmosphere of Beijing (China)

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Chemical characteristics of inorganic ammonium salts in PM<sub>2.5</sub> in the atmosphere of Beijing (China)