Input-Based and Time-Based Models of International Adjustment: Meta-Analytic Evidence and Theoretical Extensions

Host country language ability and expatriate adjustment: the moderating effect of language difficulty

“…Although this widely used scale has been criticized for being merely a statistical construct with elements that are not well-defined or discrete, this measure has been consistently validated (cf. Bhaskar-Shrinivas, et al, 2005;Hechanova, Beehr & Christiansen, 2003, Shaffer, Harrison & Gilley, 1999. Furthermore, it has been found to be structurally equivalent with a good fit when applied on culturally dissimilar samples providing evidence of its construct validity (Robie & Ryan, 1996).…”

“…McEvoy and Parker (1995) also found support for the three dimensions of socio-cultural adjustment. More recently, Bhaskar-Shrinivas et al (2005) produced evidence that strongly supported Black, Mendenhall and Oddou's (1991) model, through metaanalyses using data from 8,474 expatriates in 66 studies.…”

“…Hence, quantitative empirical studies have found a positive association between host country language ability and interaction adjustment (cf. Bhaskar-Shrinivas, et al, 2005;Kim & Slocum, 2008).…”

“…Bhagat, 1983;Kohn & Slomoczynski, 1990;Staines, 1980). Accordingly, rigorous empirical research has found a positive association between host country language ability and work adjustment (Bhaskar-Shrinivas, et al, 2005;Takeuchi, Yun, & Russell, 2002). Consequently, expatriates' successful interactions with HCNs in the host country language are likely to have a positive effect on both their general adjustment and work adjustment.…”

Multicultural Personality and Cross-Cultural Adjustment among Sojourners in New Zealand

“…In order to prove a beneficial international mobility, sojourners entail to make essential adaptation by integrating a micro-and macro-cultural appealing, and react towards the differences and changes. Sojourners, described in the expatriation literature (Bhaskar-Shrinivas et al, 2005) are international travellers includes asylum seekers, expatriate managers, immigrants, missionaries, peacemakers, refugees, students, tourists and, visiting, high-skills or guest workers. Every international traveller is equipped with distinct cultural frame-of-references moulded in their home location since born.…”