“…Waters and Caplan's (1996) scoring system was later adopted by a few studies (e.g., Leeser, 2007;Shin, Dronjic, & Park, 2019). However, a more common system is the one that includes a storage task and a processing task without taking reaction times into account (e.g., Chun & Payne, 2004;Joh, 2015;Kozan, Erçetin, & Richardson, 2015;Osamu, 2006), and quite a number of studies still used the original method that relies only on the storage component (e.g., Bailer, 2011;Chun & Payne, 2004;Shibasaki, Tokimoto, Ono, Inuoe, & Tamaoka, 2015). Although considerable research has been conducted on the role of WM in reading, inconsistencies in WM assessment procedures make it difficult to accurately compare findings across studies.…”