Insect Immune Evasion by Dauer and Nondauer Entomopathogenic Nematodes

Lara-Reyes, Nancy; Jiménez-Cortés, J. Guillermo; Canales-Lazcano, Jorge; Franco, Bernardo; Krams, Indriķis; Contreras‐Garduño, Jorge

doi:10.1645/20-61

Cited by 6 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 48 publications

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“…These two species have been reported to have a wide host range, with high virulence to fungus gnats (Zhao, 2013;Yan et al, 2019) and Lepidopterous pests (Lacey et al, 2015;Wang et al, 2021). Their lack of virulence to scarab larvae maybe partly due to their failure in overcoming host defenses (Wang et al, 1995;Lara-Reyes et al, 2021).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Curative efficacy of entomopathogenic nematodes against white grubs in honeysuckle fields

Men

Wang

et al. 2023

Front. Sustain. Food Syst.

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Root-feeding white grubs are one of the most serious pests of honeysuckle trees (Lonicera japonica) in China, directly damaging their roots and facilitating infection by soil pathogens. Entomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs) are considered as potential control agents against soil-dwelling insect pests. This study aimed to identify effective EPN species against white grubs through bioassay and field experiments. Among the EPN species screened against Holotrichia oblita under laboratory conditions, Steinernema feltiae and Heterorhabditis indica had low virulence, while S. longicaudum, S. glaseri, and H. bacteriophora applied at a rate of 400 IJs/larva caused a higher corrected mortality (80.00 ± 5.77%), which screened them as good candidates for future applications. The field experiments showed that both S. longicaudum and H. bacteriophora were approximately as effective in reducing white grubs as the insecticide phoxim, whereas S. glaseri caused a significantly lower reduction compared with these two EPNs and phoxim. Plant mortalities obtained from S. longicaudum, H. bacteriophora and the insecticide treatment plots were significantly lower than those observed in the water-treated control plots. All EPNs examined could establish well in the treated honeysuckle fields for 42 d, confirmed by Tenebrio molitar larvae baiting technique. Our findings suggest that EPNs could provide curative efficacy against white grubs and significantly reduce plant death in honeysuckle fields.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Curative efficacy of entomopathogenic nematodes against white grubs in honeysuckle fields

Men

Wang

et al. 2023

Front. Sustain. Food Syst.

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“…This method was used to collect dauer larvae for the laboratory colonies. The dauer identity was confirmed by submerging the larvae in 1% of with Sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS; Sigma) for one hour: only the dauer larvae survived this treatment [ 31 ]. The strain that infected the natural host in the field (NS) was collected from P. polyphylla .…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Hemolymph was extracted 8 h after infection, given that in a previous paper, we demonstrated an effect of time-lapse on immune response after infection [ 31 ], and 8 h is conservative. Insects were chilled on ice, and then we made an incision to obtain 4 µL of hemolymph.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The nematode Rhabditis regina has been found in Guatemala [ 29 ] and Mexico [ 30 , 31 ]. It infects larvae of Phyllophaga, Paranomala , and Cyclocephala in its natural environment, but in the lab can infect additional species of insects, such as Tenebrio molitor , Ceratitis capitata and Galleria mellonella [ 29 – 31 ]. Like other nematodes of the Rhabditis and Oscheius genera, R. regina harbors a microbiota composed of entomopathogenic bacteria (i.e., Serratia sp.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The Coincidental Evolution of Virulence Partially Explains the Virulence in a Generalist Entomopathogenic

2023

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Purpose The parasites’ virulence is labile after jumping to a new host species, and it might derivate in gaining virulence against a new host as a side effect of living in a non-host environment (coincidental evolution of virulence hypothesis). Methods To test this hypothesis, we monitored the experimental evolution of the Rhabditis regina nematode for over 290 generations (4 years) in three environments (strains): (1) the natural host, Phyllophaga polyphylla, (2) an alternate host, Tenebrio molitor, and (3) saprophytic medium (beef; the food that may provide evidence for the coincidental evolution of virulence). Each strain was exposed to P. polyphylla, T. molitor, or Galleria mellonella. We compared the host survival and immune response (proPO, PO, and lytic activity) of infected versus uninfected hosts. Results The saprophytic nematodes gained virulence only against G. mellonella. However, the P. polyphylla strain was more effective in killing P. polyphylla than T. molitor, and the T. molitor strain was more effective against T. molitor than P. polyphylla. Additionally, one dauer larva was sufficient to kill the hosts. Finally, the immune response did not differ between the challenged and control groups. Conclusion The coincidental evolution of virulence partially explains our results, but they might also support the short-sighted hypothesis. Additionally, we found evidence for immunomodulation because nematodes passed unnoticed to the immune response. It is crucial to analyze the virulence of entomopathogens from the point of view of the evolution of virulence to be aware of potential scenarios that might limit biological control.

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“…Entomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs) are able to infect and rapidly kill a wide range of insect hosts within the first few hours of infection. EPNs are classified as parasitic due to their infective juvenile (IJ) stage in which they are developmentally arrested and require a host to resume their life cycle 23 , 24 . Steinernema carpocapsae parasitic nematodes are specifically adapted for highly mobile insects and they reside stationary in the soil where they stand upright waiting to ambush and strike potential hosts crossing their path 25 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Excreted secreted products from the parasitic nematode Steinernema carpocapsae manipulate the Drosophila melanogaster immune response

Jones

Tafesh-Edwards

Kenney

et al. 2022

Sci Rep

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Steinernema carpocapsae is an entomopathogenic nematode (EPN) that rapidly infects and kills a wide range of insect hosts and has been linked to host immunosuppression during the initial stages of infection. The lethal nature of S. carpocapsae infections has previously been credited to its symbiotic bacteria; however, it has become evident that the nematodes are able to effectively kill their hosts independently through their excretion/secretion products (ESPs). Here we examined how the adult Drosophila melanogaster immune system is modulated in response to S. carpocapsae ESPs in an attempt to ascertain individual pathogenic contributions of the isolated compound. We found that the S. carpocapsae ESPs decrease the survival of D. melanogaster adult flies, they induce the expression of certain antimicrobial peptide-encoding genes, and they cause significant reduction in phenoloxidase enzyme activity and delay in the melanization response in males flies. We also report that S. carpocapsae ESPs affect hemocyte numbers in both male and female individuals. Our results indicate the manipulative role of EPN ESPs and reveal sex-specific differences in the host response against nematode infection factors. These findings are beneficial as they promote our understanding of the molecular basis of nematode pathogenicity and the parasite components that influence nematode-host interactions.

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Insect Immune Evasion by Dauer and Nondauer Entomopathogenic Nematodes

Cited by 6 publications

References 48 publications

Curative efficacy of entomopathogenic nematodes against white grubs in honeysuckle fields

Curative efficacy of entomopathogenic nematodes against white grubs in honeysuckle fields

The Coincidental Evolution of Virulence Partially Explains the Virulence in a Generalist Entomopathogenic

Excreted secreted products from the parasitic nematode Steinernema carpocapsae manipulate the Drosophila melanogaster immune response

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