Insecticide Exposures on Commercial Aircraft: A Literature Review and Screening Level Assessment

Maddalena, Randy; McKone, Thomas E.

doi:10.2172/944128

Cited by 8 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 30 publications

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“…However, estimation of potential exposures of cabin crew and passengers has been limited by the amount of experimental and field sampling data available (Mohan and Weisel, 2010). While computational modeling of pesticide deposition is available (Sutton et al, 2007; Maddalena and McKone, 2008), they currently do not characterize the spatial variability within a cabin as well as the impact of thermal plumes caused by the presence of passengers.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The WHO recommends four pyrethroids as active disinsection ingredients: resmethrin, bioresmethrin, d-phenothrin and permethrin (cis/trans ratio of 25/75) (WHO, 1998; Rayman, 2006; Maddalena and McKone, 2008; Mohan and Weisel, 2010). New Zealand and Australia have more recently published guidelines for disinsection of aircraft and approved only the use of d-phenothrin and permethrin (AQIS/MAFBNZ, 2009).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Maddalena and McKone (2008) modeled the pesticide as an inert chemical species and simulated the deposition of pesticide by using parametrizations for surface thickness, deposition rate coefficients, and deposition velocity. However, one limitation of both these models is that assume uniform mixing of pesticide throughout the cabin volume, and therefore cannot characterize the substantial variability of deposition profiles with each type of cabin surface reported by Berger-Preiss et al (2004, 2006).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Computational fluid dynamics modeling of transport and deposition of pesticides in an aircraft cabin

Isukapalli

Mazumdar

George

et al. 2013

Atmospheric Environment

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Spraying of pesticides in aircraft cabins is required by some countries as part of a disinsection process to kill insects that pose a public health threat. However, public health concerns remain regarding exposures of cabin crew and passengers to pesticides in aircraft cabins. While large scale field measurements of pesticide residues and air concentrations in aircraft cabins scenarios are expensive and time consuming, Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) models provide an effective alternative for characterizing concentration distributions and exposures. This study involved CFD modeling of a twin-aisle 11 row cabin mockup with heated manikins, mimicking a part of a fully occupied Boeing 767 cabin. The model was applied to study the flow and deposition of pesticides under representative scenarios with different spraying patterns (sideways and overhead) and cabin air exchange rates (low and high). Corresponding spraying experiments were conducted in the cabin mockup, and pesticide deposition samples were collected at the manikin’s lap and seat top for a limited set of five seats. The CFD model performed well for scenarios corresponding to high air exchange rates, captured the concentration profiles for middle seats under low air exchange rates, and underestimated the concentrations at window seats under low air exchange rates. Additionally, both the CFD and experimental measurements showed no major variation in deposition characteristics between sideways and overhead spraying. The CFD model can estimate concentration fields and deposition profiles at very high resolutions, which can be used for characterizing the overall variability in air concentrations and surface loadings. Additionally, these model results can also provide a realistic range of surface and air concentrations of pesticides in the cabin that can be used to estimate potential exposures of cabin crew and passengers to these pesticides.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Computational fluid dynamics modeling of transport and deposition of pesticides in an aircraft cabin

Isukapalli

Mazumdar

George

et al. 2013

Atmospheric Environment

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“…Ozone level, deposition velocity, reaction probability were modeled using the parameters shown in the table to the right. (Maddalena and McKone, 2008). Planes that have been disinsected travel worldwide (i.e., even to countries where disinsection is not allowed).…”

Section: Implications For Indoor Environments and Conclusionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Publicly available data on the type and amount of insecticides used in aircraft cabins are sparse, but they suggest that the most commonly used aircraft insecticides, domestically and internationally, are permethrin and d-phenothrin (Maddalena and McKone, 2008). These are two four of the pesticides that recommended for this purpose by the World Health Organization (WHO): d-phenothrin, permethrin, resmethrin, and bioresmethrin (WHO, 1995).…”

Section: Implications For Indoor Environments and Conclusionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Exposure-Relevant Ozone Chemistry in Occupied Spaces

Coleman

2009

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Ozone reacts with alkenes and other organic compounds that contain carboncarbon double bonds to form oxidation byproducts such as aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic acids, radicals, and secondary organic aerosol. Ozone-reactive species such as terpenes and unsaturated fatty acids are ubiquitous in the air and on surfaces in indoor environments. The most prevalent source of ozone indoors is ventilation of the space with ozone-containing ambient air, although some appliances that are used indoors also produce ozone. Reactions with surfaces are the ever-present and dominant sink of ozone and source of oxidation byproducts. Gas-phase ozone reactions must compete with the ventilation rate; they can be intermittently important ozone consumers and byproduct generators. Ozone-alkene reactions are chain-initiating because radicals are formed that 2 continue to react. The hydroxyl radical (OH) is a major secondary byproduct of ozonealkene chemistry, and it is a less-selective, faster reacting oxidizer than ozone. Thus, species that do not readily react with ozone, i.e. compounds that do not contain a carboncarbon double bond, may also be oxidized by the OH radical in ozone-initiated chemistry.In this dissertation, the chemical and physical factors that affect transformation of ozone into other airborne pollutants in occupied indoor environments are explored.Ozone-initiated reaction with, and byproduct formation from, reactive gas-phase and surface-phase species common to indoor settings were investigated in four studies.Byproduct types and formation rates were characterized in laboratory experiments.Byproduct concentrations and exposures were predicted in various indoor environments using experimental data and a model that predicts ozone transport and uptake and byproduct formation and fate.When both ozone and terpenes are present in indoor settings, terpenes can be a strong sink of ozone and source of gas-and particle-phase byproducts. I investigated secondary organic aerosol formation from the reaction of ozone with terpene-containing consumer products under conditions relevant for residential and commercial buildings.Gas-phase consumer product emissions and then ozone were introduced into a continuously ventilated 198-L chamber. At the onset of ozone addition, a nucleation event occurred, and nucleation and growth continued to occur as long as the reagents were introduced into the chamber. The particle formation and growth behavior in these experiments mimicked SOA dynamics from ozone-terpene reactions measured in actual buildings. The full particle size distribution was continuously monitored using an optical 3 particle counter and scanning mobility particle sizer. The resulting ultrafine and fine particle concentrations were in the range of 10 to >300 µg m -3 . Particle nucleation and growth dynamics under indoor conditions were characterized using the methods commonly applied to atmospheric nucleation events.Commercial passenger aircraft can encounter elevated stratospheric ozone levels at cruising altitude, and because...

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