Insecticide mixtures—uses, benefits and considerations

Sparks, Thomas C

doi:10.1002/ps.7980

Pest Management Science

2024

DOI: 10.1002/ps.7980

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Insecticide mixtures—uses, benefits and considerations

Thomas C Sparks

Abstract: Insecticides remain an important tool for the control of many insect pests. There has long been an interest in insecticide mixtures (in‐can and tank‐mix) as a means to provide the needed efficacy and/or spectrum to control many insect public health, crop pests or crop pest complexes. This aspect has become more important since insecticides developed in the last 30 years tend to be narrower in spectrum with many primarily focused on either sap‐feeding or chewing insect pests. Insecticide mixtures are also seen … Show more

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2024

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Cited by 3 publications

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Theory versus practice: are insecticide mixtures in Arizona cotton used for resistance management?^†

Ellsworth,

Fournier

2024

Pest Management Science

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BACKGROUNDResistance management in pesticide use is critical, yet grower practices, especially pesticide mixing motivations, diverge from theoretical frameworks. This study analyzes 30 years of Arizona cotton growers’ practices and pest manager insights to understand mixing trends.RESULTSGrowers predominantly mix pesticides for spectrum or efficacy, not resistance management. This highlights a gap between theory and practice, emphasizing the complexity of real‐world dynamics. A shift over time towards selective insecticides and integrated pest management (IPM), supported by extension education, has reduced reliance on broad‐spectrum insecticides and increased opportunities to conserve the natural enemies of key pests. This reduced the frequency of insecticide use, a mutual goal of both IPM and resistance management. The availability and adoption of selective products with diverse modes of action, along with the resulting increases in biological control and refuges, likely has delayed or prevented resistances without emphasis on using mixtures specifically for resistance management. In a disrupted system exclusively dependent on broad‐spectrum insecticides (1991–1995), 75% ± 5% of cotton area was sprayed with mixtures of these materials. With the availability of selective insecticides, few broad‐spectrum products are used today and mixtures of insecticides are sprayed on only 36% ± 3% of the cotton area (2015–2020).CONCLUSIONAlthough mixing has theoretical relevance, it is diminishing in stable systems with diverse modes of action and adherence to moderation principles. Arizona cotton guidance prioritizes multi‐crop refuges over mixtures for resistance management. Integrated research and education, targeting professional pest managers, are pivotal in advancing resistance management without mixtures specifically designed to prevent or mitigate resistance. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry.

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Theory versus practice: are insecticide mixtures in Arizona cotton used for resistance management?^†

Ellsworth,

Fournier

2024

Pest Management Science

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Comparative Population Biology and Related Gene Expression in the Beta-Cypermethrin-Resistant Strains of Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel)

Li,

Chen,

Cai

et al. 2024

Insects

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Diptera and Lepidoptera species have the highest levels of insecticide resistance, and the mechanism of drug resistance has been studied in detoxification metabolism genes such as P450, GST, EST, and ABC. Since Bactrocera dorsalis are resistant to a variety of chemicals, the pattern and mechanism of resistance in Bactrocera dorsalis have been investigated from a variety of aspects such as detoxification metabolism genes, detoxification enzymes, intestinal symbiotic bacteria, and synergists in the world. In this study, 51 species and 149 detoxification metabolism genes were annotated in the Suppression Subtractive Hybridization (SSH) library, and 12 candidate genes related to beta-cypermethrin resistance were screened and quantitatively expressed in this library. Two genes were found to be upregulated in the egg stage, three genes in the larval stage, one gene in the pupal stage, and five genes in the adult stage, and four genes were found to be upregulated in the midgut and the malacca ducts in the midgut. The expression of cyp6g1, cyp6a22, GST-Epsilon9, and Trypsin-4 genes was upregulated in resistant strains, with the most obvious upregulation occurring in the midgut and the Malpighian tubules. These results provide new insights into the study of pesticide resistance in quarantine insects.

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Effects of Bacillus thuringiensis Treatment on Expression of Detoxification Genes in Chlorantraniliprole-Resistant Plutella xylostella

Zolfaghari,

Yin,

Jurat-Fuentes

et al. 2024

Insects

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Detoxification genes are crucial to insect resistance against chemical pesticides, yet their expression may be altered by exposure to biopesticides such as spores and insecticidal proteins of Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt). Increased enzymatic levels of selected detoxification genes, including glutathione S-transferase (GST), cytochrome P450 (CYP450), and carboxylesterase (CarE), were detected in chlorantraniliprole (CAP)-resistant strains of the diamondback moth (DBM, Plutella xylostella) from China when compared to a reference susceptible strain. These CAP-resistant DBM strains displayed distinct expression patterns of GST 1, CYP6B7, and CarE-6 after treatment with CAP and a Bt pesticide (Bt-G033). In particular, the gene expression analysis demonstrated significant upregulation of the CYP6B7 gene in response to the CAP treatment, while the same gene was downregulated following the Bt-G033 treatment. Downregulation of CYP6B7 using RNAi resulted in increased susceptibility to CAP in resistant DBM strains, suggesting a role of this gene in the resistant phenotype. However, pretreatment with a sublethal dose of Bt-G033 inducing the downregulation of CYP6B7 did not significantly increase CAP potency against the resistant DBM strains. These results identify the DBM genes involved in the metabolic resistance to CAP and demonstrate how their expression is affected by exposure to Bt-G033.

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Insecticide mixtures—uses, benefits and considerations

Cited by 3 publications

References 54 publications

Theory versus practice: are insecticide mixtures in Arizona cotton used for resistance management?^†

Theory versus practice: are insecticide mixtures in Arizona cotton used for resistance management?^†

Comparative Population Biology and Related Gene Expression in the Beta-Cypermethrin-Resistant Strains of Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel)

Effects of Bacillus thuringiensis Treatment on Expression of Detoxification Genes in Chlorantraniliprole-Resistant Plutella xylostella

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Insecticide mixtures—uses, benefits and considerations

Cited by 3 publications

References 54 publications

Theory versus practice: are insecticide mixtures in Arizona cotton used for resistance management?†

Theory versus practice: are insecticide mixtures in Arizona cotton used for resistance management?†

Comparative Population Biology and Related Gene Expression in the Beta-Cypermethrin-Resistant Strains of Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel)

Effects of Bacillus thuringiensis Treatment on Expression of Detoxification Genes in Chlorantraniliprole-Resistant Plutella xylostella

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Product

Resources

About

Theory versus practice: are insecticide mixtures in Arizona cotton used for resistance management?^†

Theory versus practice: are insecticide mixtures in Arizona cotton used for resistance management?^†