Insecticide resistance

Lemon, R. W.

doi:10.1017/s0021859600067241

Cited by 17 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 31 publications

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“…In its initial form the classification was primarily focused on defining different acaricide chemical classes (Table 1), a necessarily pragmatic approach, since the knowledge of MoA and resistance and cross‐resistance mechanisms in spider mites was limited 51 . A key premise of the recommended guidelines was the focus on rotation of acaricides 51,52,55,56 . Specifically, that no more than one compound from within an acaricide group should be used on the same crop during a season 51,55 .…”

Section: Examples Of Irac Work Products and Accomplishmentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Insecticide resistance management and industry: the origins and evolution of the Insecticide Resistance Action Committee (IRAC) and the mode of action classification scheme

Sparks

Storer

Porter³

et al. 2021

Pest Management Science

118

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Insecticide resistance is a long‐standing problem affecting the efficacy and utility of crop protection compounds. Insecticide resistance also impacts the ability and willingness of companies around the world to invest in new crop protection compounds and traits. The Insecticide Resistance Action Committee (IRAC) was formed in 1984 to provide a coordinated response by the crop protection industry to the problem of insecticide resistance. Since its inception, participation in IRAC has grown from a few agrochemical companies in Europe and the US to a much larger group of companies with global representation and an active presence (IRAC Country Groups) involving an even wider array of companies in more than 20 countries. The focus of IRAC has also evolved from that of defining and documenting cases of insecticide resistance to a pro‐active role in addressing insecticide resistance management (IRM) providing an array of informational and educational tools (videos, posters, pamphlets) on insect pests, bioassay methods, insecticide mode of action and resistance management, all publicly available through its website (https://irac-online.org/). A key tool developed by IRAC is the Insecticide Mode of Action (MoA) Classification Scheme, which has evolved from a relatively simple acaricide classification started in 1998 to the far broader scheme that now includes biologics as well as insecticides and acaricides. A separate MoA Classification Scheme has also been recently developed for nematicides. The IRAC MoA Classification Scheme coupled with expanding use of MoA labeling on insecticide and acaricide product labels provides a straightforward means to implement IRM. An overview of the history of IRAC along with some of its notable accomplishments and future directions are reviewed. © 2021 The Authors. Pest Management Science published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.

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Section: Examples Of Irac Work Products and Accomplishmentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Between 2005 48 and 2010 50 continued refinement of the MoA Classification Scheme led to the removal/reclassification of some Groups resulting in a reduction in the number of Groups. Data derived, in part, from 5,48–52,56,67 …”

Section: Examples Of Irac Work Products and Accomplishmentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Insecticide resistance management and industry: the origins and evolution of the Insecticide Resistance Action Committee (IRAC) and the mode of action classification scheme

Sparks

Storer

Porter³

et al. 2021

Pest Management Science

118

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“…However, this would not indicate the frequency and/or long‐term effect of chronic poisoning. In cases where there has been strong genetic selection of insects by insecticides, resistance has developed (Georghiou & Lagunes‐Tejeda 1991; Lemon 1994). In insect populations, there is a limit to the number of evolutionary outcomes available to an organism in response to insecticide selection pressure.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The use of variance in enzyme activity as an indicator of long‐term exposure to toxicant‐stressed environments inCulex pipiensmosquitoes

1998

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Summary 1.The identification of easy to use and cheap biomarkers is important as a means of determining whether animals are developing under stressful environmental conditions. Previous studies have indicated that the variance about the mean esterase activity in toxic environments increases in the absence of a significant shift in the mean value, suggesting that variance levels may have potential as a biomarker of toxicant-stressed or otherwise stressful environments. 2. Several field and laboratory populations of the mosquito, Culex pipiens, were examined for esterase activities using a colorimetric assay and levels of polymorphism using polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Some of these populations had been exposed to environmental toxicants (organophosphorus (OP) insecticides). 3. The OP-stressed field population had lower levels of polymorphism as indicated by fewer electromorphs than the populations that had not been exposed to OPs. However, the mean level of esterase activity was higher in the OP-stressed populations. 4. Despite having lower genetic variation, the OP-stressed populations showed much higher levels of variation about the mean enzyme activity, at least two orders of magnitude higher, than the unstressed populations. Knowledge of the genetics of OP resistance in these populations confirmed that the increase in variance was not due to the general switching on of genes in response to stress. 5. One field population that had been exposed to heavy metal pollution had similar levels of esterase activity and variation about the mean as the unstressed populations, suggesting that variation only increases in characters directly affected by the environmental pollutant. 6. The probable factors causing the increase in variance and the potential of this type of variation as a biomarker of stressful environments are discussed.

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2000

Applied Ecology and Environmental Management

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Insecticide resistance

Cited by 17 publications

References 31 publications

Insecticide resistance management and industry: the origins and evolution of the Insecticide Resistance Action Committee (IRAC) and the mode of action classification scheme

Insecticide resistance management and industry: the origins and evolution of the Insecticide Resistance Action Committee (IRAC) and the mode of action classification scheme

The use of variance in enzyme activity as an indicator of long‐term exposure to toxicant‐stressed environments inCulex pipiensmosquitoes

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