Insecticide Resistance in Insect Vectors of Disease with Special Reference to Mosquitoes: A Potential Threat to Global Public Health

Abstract

Context: Arthropod-borne diseases are remaining as a major public health issue in the resource-constrained settings. Mosquitoes are closely associated with mankind since time immemorial and play an important role in the transmission of many dreadful diseases like malaria, filariasis, Japanese encephalitis, dengue and yellow fever. Over the decades, vector control is an important element to minimize the vector-borne disease burden worldwide and in fact, it heavily relies upon synthetic insecticides as a mainstay. However the overuse and misuse of insecticides have led to the emergence of resistance, which undermines the potentiality of vector control. Evidence Acquisition: In order to pursue effective research pertained to this issue, a detailed search on Scopus, Medline, Google Scholar and academic premier databases has been conducted between the time periods of 1955 and 2012. Results: Over the past six decades, insecticides are serving as one of the important arsenals in the fight against vector-borne diseases to save hundreds of millions of lives. Consequently, in the last decade we have attained a remarkable success to combat with many diseases particularly malaria due to the combined effect of indoor residual spraying (IRS) and long-lasting insecticidal nets (LLINs). Currently, malaria mortality rates have drastically fallen by more than 25% globally, 33% in sub-Saharan Africa and over a million lives have been saved attributable to massive scale-up of LLINs and IRS. Since, both LLINs and IRS are cost-effective and robust form of interventions; they are serving as a central pillar in the National Malaria Control Programmes (NMCPs) of malaria endemic countries. Nevertheless, LLINs are easy-to-deliver, most economical and practical even in the resource-poor settings, where implementation of IRS is not feasible. The heavy reliance, recurrent and inappropriate insecticide applications are key sources for resistance which is a potential threat to the global public health. Therefore, it has to be addressed immediately to sustain the recent success of vector control, unless otherwise it would become uncertain. Conclusions: Though, development of resistance is an evolutionary phenomenon, it can be tackled judiciously by implementing appropriate and comprehensive resistance monitoring and management strategies within the framework of integrated vector management. This scrutiny recommends the following measures; (i) identification of effective novel tools for monitoring and evaluation, (ii) searching for alternative interventions to minimize the further resistance evolution as well as to preserve the efficiency of existing insecticides, (iii) exploration of next generation vector control tools in terms of nets and new classes of non-pyrethroid insecticide formulation with new mode of action, (iv) building partnership by bringing together the people actively engaged in the vector control, like public health experts, policy-makers, researchers, medical entomologists and insecticide manufacturers, could ideally pave the ...

The Overview of Malaria Cases in Trenggalek District based on The Epidemiological Triangle

“…Status kerentanan nyamuk Anopheles vagus di Desa Pandean Trenggalek walaupun masih menunjukkan hasil rentan (Susceptible), namun guna mengurangi dampak penggunaan insektisida kimia, diperlukan adanya manajemen resistensi insektisida, yaitu dengan penggunaan biokimia atau teknik molekuler untuk mendeteksi resistensi terhadap insektisida, dan pengurangan ketergantungan terhadap insektisida kimia (Karunamoorthi & Sabesan, 2013). Pelaksanaan manajemen resistensi insektisida kimia bergantung pada pemegang kebijakan khususnya di wilayah Trenggalek.…”

Mosquitocidal and repellent activities of essential oils againstCulex pipiensL.

“…Mosquito‐borne diseases are transmitted through mosquito bites; therefore, the focus should be set on killing adult mosquitoes as well as on keeping them away from human bodies and houses. Synthetic insecticides have been used for decades in order to control mosquitoes; however, many problems have appeared, such as mosquitoes resistance (Al‐Sarar ; Karunamoorthi & Sabesan ; Osta et al ), adverse impacts on human health (Azmi et al ), and their residues cause great damage to fish, birds, and beneficial insects (Fleischli et al ; Pettis et al ; Napit ). Synthetic mosquito repellents have been used to prevent mosquito bites, and N,N ‐diethyl‐3‐methylbenzamide (DEET) has been found to be the most effective one (Dickens & Bohbot ); however, these compounds repel mosquitoes and do not kill them.…”

Biochemical Effects of <em>Petroselinum crispum</em> (Umbellifereae) Fruit Oil on the Pyrethroid Susceptible and Resistant Strains of <em>Aedes aegypti</em> (Diptera: Culicidae)

“…In addition to low mammalian toxicity, synthetic pyrethroids have become the most popular and prevalent active ingredients in public health vector control programs, due to their high invertebrate potency at low levels, resulting in rapid immobilization ('knockdown') and killing of mosquitoes [14,15]. Although synthetic substances that dramatically reduce the risk of vector-borne diseases have been documented, the overuse and misuse of conventional chemicals, for example, pyrethroids and other insecticides, have led to mosquito resistance, which threatens the potentiality of vector control [16][17][18][19]. A recommended approach for monitoring and managing insecticide resistance in mosquito 4 populations is to search for alternative interventions in order to restrain or reduce the evolution of further resistance as well as preserve the efficiency of existing insecticides [19,20].…”

“…Although synthetic substances that dramatically reduce the risk of vector-borne diseases have been documented, the overuse and misuse of conventional chemicals, for example, pyrethroids and other insecticides, have led to mosquito resistance, which threatens the potentiality of vector control [16][17][18][19]. A recommended approach for monitoring and managing insecticide resistance in mosquito 4 populations is to search for alternative interventions in order to restrain or reduce the evolution of further resistance as well as preserve the efficiency of existing insecticides [19,20]. Use of biopesticides or non-chemical pesticides is encouraged as a promising economical and ecofriendly strategy for fighting the resistance problem [21,22].…”