Insecticide Resistance in the Salt-Marsh Sand Fly Culicoides furens

Smith, Carroll N.; Davis, A. N.; Weidhaas, D. E.; Seabrook, E. L.

doi:10.1093/jee/52.2.352

Cited by 5 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 0 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…The widespread use of a single insecticide by farmers in this context has additionally raised the issue of development of resistance in ectoparasites (Sargison et al , 2007), and this is particularly relevant to Culicoides spp. as insecticide resistance has already been documented in species worldwide (Smith et al , 1959; Fox et al , 1968; Brown, 1971; Apperson, 1975). Therefore, although quantitative data on the efficacy of diazinon dips at reducing Culicoides biting rates would be welcome in order to assess the potential of this method for controlling midges on a small scale for particularly high‐value stock, the widespread use of this technique is relatively unlikely.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Control techniques for Culicoides biting midges and their application in the U.K. and northwestern Palaearctic

Carpenter

Mellor

Torr

2008

Medical Vet Entomology

143

120

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

The recent emergence of bluetongue virus (Reoviridae: Orbivirus) (BTV) in northern Europe, for the first time in recorded history, has led to an urgent need for methods to control the disease caused by this virus and the midges that spread it. This paper reviews various methods of vector control that have been employed elsewhere and assesses their likely efficacy for controlling vectors of BTV in northern Europe. Methods of controlling Culicoides spp. (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) have included: (a) application of insecticides and pathogens to habitats where larvae develop; (b) environmental interventions to remove larval breeding sites; (c) controlling adult midges by treating either resting sites, such as animal housing, or host animals with insecticides; (d) housing livestock in screened buildings, and (e) using repellents or host kairomones to lure and kill adult midges. The major vectors of BTV in northern Europe are species from the Culicoides obsoletus (Meigen) and Culicoides pulicaris (L.) groups, for which there are scant data on breeding habits, resting behaviour and host‐oriented responses. Consequently, there is little information on which to base a rational strategy for controlling midges or for predicting the likely impact of interventions. However, data extrapolated from the results of vector control operations conducted elsewhere, combined with some assessment of how acceptable or not different methods may be within northern Europe, indicate that the treatment of livestock and animal housing with pyrethroids, the use of midge‐proofed stabling for viraemic or high‐value animals and the promotion of good farm practice to at least partially eliminate local breeding sites are the best options currently available. Research to assess and improve the efficacy of these methods is required and, in the longer term, efforts should be made to develop better bait systems for monitoring and, possibly, controlling midges. All these studies will need better methods of analysing the ecology and behaviour of midges in the field than are currently in use. The paucity of control options and basic knowledge serve to warn us that we must be better prepared for the possible emergence of other midge‐borne diseases, particularly African horse sickness.

show abstract

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Control techniques for Culicoides biting midges and their application in the U.K. and northwestern Palaearctic

Carpenter

Mellor

Torr

2008

Medical Vet Entomology

143

120

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…This baseline information is essential for recommending the most effective insecticides and in detecting and monitoring the development of resistance. Insecticide resistance to earlier classes of insecticides including organochlorine-based larval treatments such as dieldrin and lindane was documented in Culicoides in the late 1950’s [ 15 ], but has not been examined for either OP or SP use. This risk exists considering that products based on single classes of insecticide have been used on a wide scale on livestock to control other arthropods including ticks, horn flies and stable flies in addition to often being used on crops.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

How do species, population and active ingredient influence insecticide susceptibility in Culicoides biting midges (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) of veterinary importance?

et al. 2015

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

BackgroundCulicoides biting midges are biological vectors of internationally important arboviruses of livestock and equines. Insecticides are often employed against Culicoides as a part of vector control measures, but systematic assessments of their efficacy have rarely been attempted. The objective of the present study is to determine baseline susceptibility of multiple Culicoides vector species and populations in Europe and Africa to the most commonly used insecticide active ingredients. Six active ingredients are tested: three that are based on synthetic pyrethroids (alpha-cypermethrin, deltamethrin and permethrin) and three on organophosphates (phoxim, diazinon and chlorpyrifos-methyl).MethodsSusceptibility tests were conducted on 29,064 field-collected individuals of Culicoides obsoletus Meigen, Culicoides imicola Kieffer and a laboratory-reared Culicoides nubeculosus Meigen strain using a modified World Health Organization assay. Populations of Culicoides were tested from seven locations in four different countries (France, Spain, Senegal and South Africa) and at least four concentrations of laboratory grade active ingredients were assessed for each population.ResultsThe study revealed that insecticide susceptibility varied at both a species and population level, but that broad conclusions could be drawn regarding the efficacy of active ingredients. Synthetic pyrethroid insecticides were found to inflict greater mortality than organophosphate active ingredients and the colony strain of C. nubeculosus was significantly more susceptible than field populations. Among the synthetic pyrethroids, deltamethrin was found to be the most toxic active ingredient for all species and populations.ConclusionsThe data presented represent the first parallel and systematic assessment of Culicoides insecticide susceptibility across several countries. As such, they are an important baseline reference to monitor the susceptibility status of Culicoides to current insecticides and also to assess the toxicity of new active ingredients with practical implications for vector control strategies.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13071-015-1042-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

show abstract

“…A return to the use of oil or inorganic insecticides was stimulated by Smith et al (1959) after their discovery of strains of C. furens resistant to dieldrin, heptachlor, lindane and chlordane in Palm Beach County, Florida. More recently Clements & Rogers (1967) have described laboratory and field tests in which coal tar creosote and Panasol AN-5 killed C. furens larvae when used in sufficient volume.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Laboratory and field trials to determine the modes of action of malathion and diesel oil against Culicoides furens (Poey) (Dipt., Ceratopogonidae)

Davies

1971

Bull. Entomol. Res.

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

One field and four laboratory trials were run to determine the reason for the success of 1–8% malathion in diesel oil in controlling Culicoides furens (Poey) in swamp mud in Jamaica. In the laboratory malathion and marine diesel oil (1:4000) was an effective larvicide for up to two days after application to the mud, but diesel oil alone gave only slight mortality even after six days. Judged by the emergence of adults, diesel oil gave 100% pupal mortality for five days and still showed some effect after four weeks; this effect was not improved by the addition of malathion. In the field, counts of emerging adults showed that diesel oil at 106–5 gal/acre gave 97–8% control of C. furens for up to eight weeks after application. It is concluded that, because of the possibility of pupicidal action, insecticides should be assessed on adult emergence rather than larval mortality.

show abstract

Insecticide Resistance in the Salt-Marsh Sand Fly Culicoides furens

Cited by 5 publications

References 0 publications

Control techniques for Culicoides biting midges and their application in the U.K. and northwestern Palaearctic

Control techniques for Culicoides biting midges and their application in the U.K. and northwestern Palaearctic

How do species, population and active ingredient influence insecticide susceptibility in Culicoides biting midges (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) of veterinary importance?

Laboratory and field trials to determine the modes of action of malathion and diesel oil against Culicoides furens (Poey) (Dipt., Ceratopogonidae)

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About