Insects as food: Enrichment of larvae of Hermetia illucens with omega 3 fatty acids by means of dietary modifications

Barroso, Fernando G.; Sánchez‐Muros, María José; Segura, Macarena; Morote, Elvira; Torres, Alejandro; Ramos, Rebeca; Guil, José-Luis

doi:10.1016/j.jfca.2017.04.008

Cited by 159 publications

(134 citation statements)

References 28 publications

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“…In this regard, the capacity of the fat body for lipogenesis from glucose is much higher than that for glycogen synthesis, which explains the higher content of lipids compared to glycogen in the insect fat. [6] This FA was in the top of the range in the two Caligo species analyzed, in which ALA reached $62 mol% of total FA (Table 2). [6] For most Lepidoptera species reported in Table 2, the FA profiles are clearly dominated by ALA, which presumably reflects the feed composition.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 92%

“…H. illucens larvae, which was one of the species used to compare the FA profiles of Lepidoptera, shows a very complex FA profile, in which highlights MCFA, as is lauric acid (LaA, 12:0), whose origin could be due to the bioconversion of carbohydrates to lipids. [6] For most Lepidoptera species reported in Table 2, the FA profiles are clearly dominated by ALA, which presumably reflects the feed composition. [23] Therefore, LaA seems to be a metabolic target in the metabolism of H. illucens larvae, although its percentage with respect to the total FA is subjected to wide changes in function of dietary manipulations.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 95%

“…All species checked in this work are herbivorous, and therefore, toxic syndromes due to their consumption are not expected. [15] Given that insects are monogastric animals, their FA profiles can be partially changed by dietary manipulation [6] ; however, most insect species display specific feeding habits; thus, this fact limits the possibility of modifying their FA profiles by means of specific diets. [20] Among the species analyzed, stand out by their traditional edible use Oryctes nasicornis Linnaeus, 1758, Bombyx mori Linnaeus, 1758, Galleria mellonella Linnaeus, 1758, and Hermetia illucens Linnaeus, 1758.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, this last value is irrelevant, since in this species n-3 and n-6 PUFA percentages are low, and in this insect highlights its high OA percentage, which is a healthy FA belonging to the n-9 series. [6] Table 3 presents the lipid classes of four species of Lepidoptera selected from the previous screening, compared with those of Coleoptera and Diptera. Conversely, increased levels of n-3 PUFA (a low n-6/n-3 ratio) exert suppressive effects.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In many cases, insects are a vital dietary element providing nutrients of high biological value including energy. [5,6] Among the FA groups, the n-3 long-chain polyunsaturated FA (LCPUFA) are especially relevant in human nutrition, given that in Western diets the n-6/n-3 ratio ranges between 15.0/1 and 16.7/1, instead the optimal dose ratio of 1/1 to 4/1, which is assumed that was in the diet of most Paleolithic peoples. Previously, it has been established that the richness of the different FA classesn-3, n-6, n-9 and saturatedis species-dependent, [2][3][4] although it is possible to modify the FA profiles, especially of larvae, by manipulating the composition of the diet.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Insects as Food: Fatty Acid Profiles, Lipid Classes, and sn‐2 Fatty Acid Distribution of Lepidoptera Larvae

Guil‐Guerrero

Ramos‐Bueno

González‐Fernández

et al. 2018

Euro J Lipid Sci & Tech

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The aim of this work is to assess the fatty acid (FA) profiles, the lipid classes, and the positional distribution of FA within the triacylglycerol (TAG) structure of the lipids extracted from Lepidoptera larvae, compared with Diptera and Coleoptera ones. The major essential FA in most species was α‐linolenic acid (ALA), at 62.5 mol% of total FA in Caligo memnon. Oleic acid (OA) was found in high amounts in Galleria mellonella, at 44.8 mol% of total FA. The n‐6/n‐3 ratio was below 1 in 12 of the 15 species surveyed, reaching 14.8 in Oryctes nasicornis. As for lipid fractions, an increase in the amounts of stearic and linoleic acids in the phospholipids fraction was observed. Distribution of FA in the sn‐2 position of TAG is assessed through enzymatic hydrolysis reaction. Bombyx mori larvae contain ALA at 49.1 mol% of total FA at the sn‐2 position of TAG, while OA is the main FA in sn‐2 position in G. mellonella (88.5 mol% of total FA). Overall, Lepidoptera larvae constitute a rich source of specifically located at the sn‐2 position OA and ALA, and similar or better than current sources. Initial data on other insect orders also points in this direction. Practical Applications: The present study develops knowledge about the lipid classes of Lepidoptera larvae, as well as on their regiospecific FA profiles. The data from Lepidoptera species are compared to other ones obtained from samples belonging to Diptera and Coleoptera. Insects are rich in essential amino acids; therefore if they contain omega‐3 and omega‐9 FA, would be healthy alternatives to other commonly consumed animal foods, which tend to be rich in saturated and omega‐6 FA. Therefore, it is necessary to check different species to know their FA profile, as well as both the structure of their TAG and their lipid classes. Lepidoptera larvae constitute an alternative source of OA‐ and ALA‐rich oils, which can be devoted for food use, as well as for using in the food and pharmaceutical industries, with agronomic implications. The lipid classes and the regiospecific fatty acid profiles of several Lepidoptera larvae (Class Insecta) with different geographic origin and compared to that of Coleoptera and Diptera is achieved. Enzymatic hydrolysis reaction shows that oleic and α‐linolenic acids are preferably located at the sn‐2 position of triacylglycerols in most of the analyzed species. According to the results of this work, new functional oils extracted from various insect species can be obtained.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 92%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 95%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Insects as Food: Fatty Acid Profiles, Lipid Classes, and sn‐2 Fatty Acid Distribution of Lepidoptera Larvae

Guil‐Guerrero

Ramos‐Bueno

González‐Fernández

et al. 2018

Euro J Lipid Sci & Tech

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Hermetia illucens Larvae as a Living Bioreactor for Simultaneous Food by‐Products Recycling and Useful Oil Production

Guil‐Guerrero

Sánchez‐Muros

Fabrikov

et al. 2020

J Americ Oil Chem Soc

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The effects of feeds containing several food by‐products on the fatty acid compositions of Hermetia illucens larvae were studied. Coconut, tomato, apple, and viscera by‐products, as well as combinations of control feed containing carbohydrate‐rich additives were assayed. Final live weight (mg) and daily growth coefficient (%/day) ranged from 41 and 0.548 (tomato) to 93 and 1.292 (coconut), respectively. Oils containing lauric acid were obtained from larvae‐fed vegetable by‐products, especially those fed feed containing apple, coconut, and tomato (65.3, 54.4 and 52.3% of total fatty acids, respectively). Feed containing apple and a 1:1 (w/w) mix of control feed and apple by‐products yielded the highest proportion of fatty acids in the larvae (23.5 and 15.6 g fatty acids/100 g fresh larvae, respectively). The properties of biodiesel that could be produced from larvae fatty acids were calculated and the following values were obtained: cetane number (58.5–60.2), higher heating value (38.3–39.0 MJ·kg−1), density (0.869–0.873 g·cm−3), and induction period, an index of oxidation stability (8.4–150 hours). Such values were within the ranges specified by the ASTM D6751 and Europe EN 14214:2008 standards, while values for cold filter plugging point (−9.6 to 2.8 °C) were adequate for biodiesels intended for use in temperate climates. However, values for kinematic viscosity (2.93–3.58 mm2·s−1) were slightly below the requirements of EN 14214:2008 (3.5–5.0). Overall, larvae fed food by‐products produced lauric acid‐rich oils, and the calculated properties of the oils were largely suitable for biodiesel production.

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Silkworm (Bombyx mori) has the Capability to Accumulate C₂₀ and C₂₂ Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids

Shen

Cui

et al. 2017

Euro J Lipid Sci & Tech

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Bombyx mori, an insect with significant economic importance in China contains a large amount of lipids among different developmental stages, especially the pupal stage. Silkworms are fed with a base diet and fish oil supplemented diet, and the fatty acid (FA) compositions of different strains, life stages, and sexes are determined by GC‐MS. No C20 or C22 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) are detected in silkworms fed with the base diet. Females accumulates more unsaturated fatty acids (USFAs) than males in the pupal stage, and the relative amount of USFAs decreases from the wandering stage to the moth stage, especially in females, suggesting that silkworms prefer the utilization of USFAs. In addition, when silkworms are fed with a diet supplemented with fish oil, which contained C20 and C22 PUFAs, they accumulates C20 and C22 PUFAs in proportion to the concentration of fish oil added to the diet. Practical Applications: Currently, the main dietary source of C20 and C22 PUFAs is marine fish, however, of which the stocks are declining because of environmental pollution and overfishing. Because of its excellent capability to accumulate C20 and C22 PUFAs, silkworm could be developed as a potential new source of these long‐chain FAs by transferring ?5 and ?6 desaturases to silkworm or its primary food, mulberry. The silkworm (Bombyx mori) can accumulate C20 and C22 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) from diet supplemented with these PUFAs (B). The accumulation efficiency of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) in silkworm is particularly outstanding. This capacity may make silkworm a potential new source of C20 and C22 PUFAs.

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Insects as food: Enrichment of larvae of Hermetia illucens with omega 3 fatty acids by means of dietary modifications

Cited by 159 publications

References 28 publications

Insects as Food: Fatty Acid Profiles, Lipid Classes, and sn‐2 Fatty Acid Distribution of Lepidoptera Larvae

Insects as Food: Fatty Acid Profiles, Lipid Classes, and sn‐2 Fatty Acid Distribution of Lepidoptera Larvae

Hermetia illucens Larvae as a Living Bioreactor for Simultaneous Food by‐Products Recycling and Useful Oil Production

Silkworm (Bombyx mori) has the Capability to Accumulate C₂₀ and C₂₂ Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids

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Insects as food: Enrichment of larvae of Hermetia illucens with omega 3 fatty acids by means of dietary modifications

Cited by 159 publications

References 28 publications

Insects as Food: Fatty Acid Profiles, Lipid Classes, and sn‐2 Fatty Acid Distribution of Lepidoptera Larvae

Insects as Food: Fatty Acid Profiles, Lipid Classes, and sn‐2 Fatty Acid Distribution of Lepidoptera Larvae

Hermetia illucens Larvae as a Living Bioreactor for Simultaneous Food by‐Products Recycling and Useful Oil Production

Silkworm (Bombyx mori) has the Capability to Accumulate C20 and C22 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About

Silkworm (Bombyx mori) has the Capability to Accumulate C₂₀ and C₂₂ Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids