Insensitive and Thermostable Energetic Materials Based on 3‐Ureido‐4‐tetrazole‐furazan: Synthesis, Characterization, and Properties

Abstract

Energetic salts composed of ureido, furazan, and tetrazole were prepared by simple and efficient chemical routes to explore new insensitive and thermostable energetic materials. 3‐Ureido‐4‐tetrazole‐furazan (3) and its ammonium salt (5) and hydrazinium salt (6) were confirmed by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction. The thermal stabilities of the synthesized salts were studied using differential scanning calorimetry, and the detonation performances of these salts were calculated using EXPLO 5 V6.01. All the salts exhibit good thermal stability (Td: 148–259 °C) and mechanical sensitivities (IS > 40 J, FS > 360 N), and their detonation velocities range from 7316 to 8655 m·s–1. Compounds 6 and 10 are potential candidates as novel insensitive and heat‐resistant explosives because of their high detonation temperatures of 247 and 256 °C, good detonation velocities of 8432 and 8523 m·s–1, and good detonation pressures of 25.6 and 26.8 GPa.

Racemic Porous Organic Cage Crystal with Selective Gas Adsorption Behaviors

“…This phenomenon is very normal for porous organic crystals. [43,45,48] The overall uptake of N 2 takes up 56 cm 3 g À 1 at 1.0 bar. The experimental Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) surface area of 1 is about 32 m 2 g À 1 .…”

“…Porous organic cages (POCs) constructed from covalently linked discrete functional organic modules have been emerged as a new member of porous reticular frameworks. [24][25][26][27][28][29][30][31][32][33][34][35][36][37][38][39][40][41][42] In comparison with other artificial counterparts including MOFs, COFs, and hydrogen-bonded organic frameworks (HOFs), [43][44][45][46][47][48][49][50] POCs possess diverse interesting cage molecules with intrinsic cavities as building blocks. Increasingly, skilled crystal engineering connects the molecular cavities to form the highly intercrossing porosities of POCs, [24][25][26][27][28][29][30][31][32][33][34][35][36][37][38][39][40][41][42] achieving the high surface area of 3758 m 2 g À 1 for storage.…”

Functionalized Tetrazole Energetics: A Route to Enhanced Performance

“…In 2019, Zhiwen Ye [28] introduced an ureido group into the furazan‐tetrazole backbone, preparing six energetic salts ( 36‐1 to 36–6 ) based on 3‐ureido‐4‐tetrazole‐furazan ( 36 ) (Scheme 24). 1‐(4‐Cyano‐1,2,5‐oxadiazol‐3‐yl) urea was synthesized by treating 4‐amino‐3‐cyanofurazan with chlorosulfonyl isocyanate (CSI) where the cyano group was converted into a tetrazole ring by reacting 1‐(4‐cyano‐1,2,5‐oxadiazol‐3‐yl) urea with sodium azide and ammonium chloride.…”

Energetic [1,2,5]oxadiazolo [2,3-a]pyrimidin-8-ium Perchlorates: Synthesis and Characterization

“…Significant progress has been achieved in the development of furazan-based salts, some types of which are depicted in Figure 1 . Typically, the furazan moiety is located in the anionic part of the energetic salt, as in salts of nitramines 1 [ 18 , 19 , 20 , 21 , 22 , 23 ], perchlorylamines 2 [ 24 ], dinitromethyl 3 [ 25 , 26 , 27 , 28 , 29 , 30 , 31 , 32 ], tetrazolyl 4 [ 33 , 34 , 35 , 36 , 37 ], pyrazolo [3,4- c ]furazanates 5 [ 38 , 39 , 40 ], and [1,2,3]triazolo [4,5- c ][1,2,5]oxadiazoles 6 [ 41 ]. Cations involving the furazan ring are very rare; in the previously described salts ( 7 [ 42 ] and 8 [ 20 ] ), the positive charge is located in the side chain.…”