Inside the Cloud - Network Communications Basics for the Relay Engineer

Communication network architecture and design principles for smart grids

“…Further, tunneling Ethernet over an IP connection through the router is a possibility if latency objectives can be met. (See [21] for an overview of teleprotection connectivity options, including Ethernet. )…”

“…Depending on the connection option, availability of the corresponding IP network elements, regulatory requirements and standards, and/or a utility's preference, one or more of these inter-substation connections may not be included in the integrated IP network design. However, every effort must be made to include at least one of these links in the IP network (e.g., Ethernet connection [21]). In addition to incorporating the teleprotection application in the integrated network, such interconnections between substations provide increased reliability for all applications carried over that connection.…”

A quality of service–aware preemptive tidal flow queuing model for wireless multimedia sensor networks in the smart grid environment

“…Traditional queuing models, such as the NP model, use independent channels for messages of different priorities; each channel carries messages only of the corresponding priority, and when the number of messages surpasses the queue length of the corresponding channel, any further packets will be discarded. Meanwhile, in the DiffServ model, as described in Ward et al, 20 messages of any priority are served only if there are no messages of higher priority in the system, and the messages that are currently receiving service occupy all resources in the system; in other words, the system is a multi-priority single-server system, in which the messages of highest priority are serviced first and the FCFS principle is obeyed for messages at the same level. Figure 5 Figure 5(a) depicts the average delay for level 1 messages as a function of the arrival rate of level 1 messages, l 1 .…”

“…Thus, traffic for many applications with diverse delay and priority requirements gets mapped to a single class and in return receives the same class-specific QoS treatment. In Deshpande et al, 17 priority values are assigned by the authors as their best estimates of the priorities of various applications based on the IEEE 1646 standard, IETF RFC 4594, and ITU-T Recommendations G.107 18 and G.114, 19,20 combined with industry knowledge and engineering judgment. Priority ranks from 0 to 100 are assigned, with 0 indicating the highest priority and 100 indicating the lowest, which is a more suitable prioritization approach for the smart grid environment.…”

An Image Sharing Technique Using QR Code Through Cloud for Mobile Devices

“…In the early 1960s transmission networks were upgraded. Digital telephone system was improved by having more capacity and quality of the network and also it had the End-to-End analog telephone networks [17]. Internet Protocol telephone (Voice Over Internet Protocol) is a very fast development in network technologies.…”