Insight into Bacillus cereus Associated with Infant Foods in Beijing

Abstract

This study was undertaken to investigate the prevalence, antimicrobial resistance, and virulence gene profiles of Bacillus cereus in different brands of infant formula in Beijing supermarkets. Eighty-eight Bacillus cereus isolates were recovered in sixty-eight infant formulas of five domestic brands and fourteen imported brands. The prevalence rate in domestic and imported samples were 70.6% and 52.9%, respectively. Lower mean prevalence level was found in domestic samples (1.17 MPN/g) compared with the imported samples (3.52 MPN/g). Twenty-four virulence gene profiles were found, and most strains carried at least one virulence gene. The prevalence of nheA, nheB, nheC, cytK, bceT, and entFM in domestic and imported brand samples was similar. The occurrence of enterotoxin genes hblA, hblC, and hblD in domestic samples were 22.2%, 27.8%, and 22.2%, respectively, which was significantly higher than imported samples. Antimicrobial drugs-susceptibility analysis showed that all isolates were susceptible to gentamincin, amikacin, and ciprofloxacin; 38%, 7%, and 2.3% were resistant to rifampin, tetracycline, and chloramphenicol, respectively; and only one isolate was resistant to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole. Moreover, the cell numbers of Bacillus cereus in prepared infant formula increased rapidly at room temperature. Thus, monitoring guidelines are needed for accepted levels of Bacillus cereus in infant formula.

Influence of the Alcohols on the ZnO Synthesis and Its Properties: The Photocatalytic and Antimicrobial Activities

“…The high absorbance, between 200-400 nm, makes it a natural choice for sunscreen and protection treatments, alongside TiO 2 [11][12][13]. As a semiconductor, due to its transparent coccus aureus, Bacillus cereus, Bacillus subtilis, and Enterococcus faecalis, which are responsible for many implants' failure [75,76], skin infections [77], or foodborne illnesses [78], and a fungal strain Candida albicans, responsible for oral and vaginal candidiasis [79][80][81].…”

Characterization of the Toxigenic Potential of Bacillus cereus sensu lato Isolated from Raw Berries and Their Products

“…On the other extreme, a very low prevalence of the cytK gene was observed (1.1%; 2/181). This is a lower prevalence rate when comparing with other studies on different food products [38,46,52,54,55]. Studies in Europe and around the world have shown that the distribution of the enterotoxin gene cytK is around 40-70% in fresh vegetables [42], quick-frozen food [46], and flour products (including, wheat flour, spelt flour, rye flour, and flour mixes) [56]; however, this prevalence can be higher in other food products including cereals, ready-to-eat meals, spices, dairy products, and starches [57,58].…”

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“…In China, B . cereus is detected in a variety of foods [ 12 ], like dairy food [ 13 – 15 ], ready-to-eat products [ 16 ], and meat products [ 17 ]. The actual disease burden is underestimated due to a lack of holistic data on surveillance, posing a food safety risk globally.…”

“…In India, 11.4% of readyto-eat food samples were contaminated with B. cereus [9]; in France, B. cereus was recorded as the second or third major cause of foodborne outbreaks between 2006 and 2014 [10]; in Taiwan, it was the uppermost incident bacteria of foodborne diseases [11]. In China, B. cereus is detected in a variety of foods [12], like dairy food [13][14][15], ready-to-eat products [16], and meat products [17]. The actual disease burden is underestimated due to a lack of holistic data on surveillance, posing a food safety risk globally.…”