Insight into plant cell wall degradation and pathogenesis of <i>Ganoderma boninense</i> via comparative genome analysis

Ramzi, Ahmad Bazli; Me, Muhammad Lutfi Che; Ruslan, Ummul Syafiqah; Baharum, Syarul Nataqain; Muhammad, Nor Azlan Nor

doi:10.7717/peerj.8065

Cited by 31 publications

(26 citation statements)

References 87 publications

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“…This melanized fungal structure may be important in protecting G. boninense from the hostile environments [2]. Using the annotated genome sequence of G. boninense, we confirmed the presence of salicylate hydroxylase gene, which commonly reported to be involved in SA metabolism pathway (i.e., hydroxylation and decarboxylation) to produce catechol [64,65]. In G. tsugae, this gene has been hypothesized to have important role in conferring resistance towards SA accumulation during substrate utilization [65].…”

Section: Metabolites Production By G Boninense In Defence Against Salicylic Acid Stresssupporting

confidence: 60%

Growth modulation and metabolic responses of Ganoderma boninense to salicylic acid stress

Ong¹,

Ahmad

Goh³

et al. 2021

PLoS ONE

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Various phenolic compounds have been screened against Ganoderma boninense, the fungal pathogen causing basal stem rot in oil palms. In this study, we focused on the effects of salicylic acid (SA) on the growth of three G. boninense isolates with different levels of aggressiveness. In addition, study on untargeted metabolite profiling was conducted to investigate the metabolomic responses of G. boninense towards salicylic acid. The inhibitory effects of salicylic acid were both concentration- (P < 0.001) and isolate-dependent (P < 0.001). Also, growth-promoting effect was observed in one of the isolates at low concentrations of salicylic acid where it could have been utilized by G. boninense as a source of carbon and energy. Besides, adaptation towards salicylic acid treatment was evident in this study for all isolates, particularly at high concentrations. In other words, inhibitory effect of salicylic acid treatment on the fungal growth declined over time. In terms of metabolomics response to salicylic acid treatment, G. boninense produced several metabolites such as coumarin and azatyrosine, which suggests that salicylic acid modulates the developmental switch in G. boninense towards the defense mode for its survival. Furthermore, the liquid chromatography time-of-flight mass spectrometry (LC-TOF-MS) analysis showed that the growth of G. boninense on potato dextrose agar involved at least four metabolic pathways: amino acid metabolism, lipid pathway, tryptophan pathway and phenylalanine pathway. Overall, there were 17 metabolites that contributed to treatment separation, each with P<0.005. The release of several antimicrobial metabolites such as eudistomin I may enhance G. boninense’s competitiveness against other microorganisms during colonisation. Our findings demonstrated the metabolic versatility of G. boninense towards changes in carbon sources and stress factors. G. boninense was shown to be capable of responding to salicylic acid treatment by switching its developmental stage.

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Section: Metabolites Production By G Boninense In Defence Against Salicylic Acid Stresssupporting

confidence: 60%

Growth modulation and metabolic responses of Ganoderma boninense to salicylic acid stress

Ong¹,

Ahmad

Goh³

et al. 2021

PLoS ONE

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“…CE5 are cutinases that were shown to aid in the direct penetration of P. brassicae into host surface through an enzymatic mechanism [ 63 ]. PL4 is a pectinolytic enzyme that is common in necrosis-causing pathogens [ 64 ]. Collectively, these components contribute towards plant cells necrotrophy.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparative Genomics: Insights on the Pathogenicity and Lifestyle of Rhizoctonia solani

Razali

Hisham

Kumar

et al. 2021

IJMS

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Proper management of agricultural disease is important to ensure sustainable food security. Staple food crops like rice, wheat, cereals, and other cash crops hold great export value for countries. Ensuring proper supply is critical; hence any biotic or abiotic factors contributing to the shortfall in yield of these crops should be alleviated. Rhizoctonia solani is a major biotic factor that results in yield losses in many agriculturally important crops. This paper focuses on genome informatics of our Malaysian Draft R. solani AG1-IA, and the comparative genomics (inter- and intra- AG) with four AGs including China AG1-IA (AG1-IA_KB317705.1), AG1-IB, AG3, and AG8. The genomic content of repeat elements, transposable elements (TEs), syntenic genomic blocks, functions of protein-coding genes as well as core orthologous genic information that underlies R. solani’s pathogenicity strategy were investigated. Our analyses show that all studied AGs have low content and varying profiles of TEs. All AGs were dominant for Class I TE, much like other basidiomycete pathogens. All AGs demonstrate dominance in Glycoside Hydrolase protein-coding gene assignments suggesting its importance in infiltration and infection of host. Our profiling also provides a basis for further investigation on lack of correlation observed between number of pathogenicity and enzyme-related genes with host range. Despite being grouped within the same AG with China AG1-IA, our Draft AG1-IA exhibits differences in terms of protein-coding gene proportions and classifications. This implies that strains from similar AG do not necessarily have to retain similar proportions and classification of TE but must have the necessary arsenal to enable successful infiltration and colonization of host. In a larger perspective, all the studied AGs essentially share core genes that are generally involved in adhesion, penetration, and host colonization. However, the different infiltration strategies will depend on the level of host resilience where this is clearly exhibited by the gene sets encoded for the process of infiltration, infection, and protection from host.

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“…These pathogens produce small cell wall-degrading enzymes (CWDEs), including cellulase, laccase, polygalacturonase and manganese peroxidase, to soften and loosen the host cell wall without detrimentally affecting the host cells [ 46 ]. During early infection of the oil palm root, G. boninense hyphae will colonize the roots and secrete trace amounts of CWDEs, including polygalacturonase and laccase [ 47 , 48 ], to enable the establishment of a continued supply of nutrients from the living cells of their hosts. The secreted CWDEs will then degrade the host cell wall and affect the integrity of the cell-wall polysaccharides by triggering the release of damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMP) molecules by the host [ 47 , 49 ].…”

Section: Plant–microbe Interactionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Review Update on the Life Cycle, Plant–Microbe Interaction, Genomics, Detection and Control Strategies of the Oil Palm Pathogen Ganoderma boninense

Bharudin

Wahab

Samad

et al. 2022

Biology

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Plant pathogens are key threats to agriculture and global food security, causing various crop diseases that lead to massive economic losses. Palm oil is a commodity export of economic importance in Southeast Asia, especially in Malaysia and Indonesia. However, the sustainability of oil palm plantations and production is threatened by basal stem rot (BSR), a devastating disease predominantly caused by the fungus Ganoderma boninense Pat. In Malaysia, infected trees have been reported in nearly 60% of plantation areas, and economic losses are estimated to reach up to ~USD500 million a year. This review covers the current knowledge of the mechanisms utilized by G. boninense during infection and the methods used in the disease management to reduce BSR, including cultural practices, chemical treatments and antagonistic microorganism manipulations. Newer developments arising from multi-omics technologies such as whole-genome sequencing (WGS) and RNA sequencing (RNA-Seq) are also reviewed. Future directions are proposed to increase the understanding of G. boninense invasion mechanisms against oil palm. It is hoped that this review can contribute towards an improved disease management and a sustainable oil palm production in this region.

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Insight into plant cell wall degradation and pathogenesis of Ganoderma boninense via comparative genome analysis

Cited by 31 publications

References 87 publications

Growth modulation and metabolic responses of Ganoderma boninense to salicylic acid stress

Growth modulation and metabolic responses of Ganoderma boninense to salicylic acid stress

Comparative Genomics: Insights on the Pathogenicity and Lifestyle of Rhizoctonia solani

Review Update on the Life Cycle, Plant–Microbe Interaction, Genomics, Detection and Control Strategies of the Oil Palm Pathogen Ganoderma boninense

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