Insight into SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant immune escape possibility and variant independent potential therapeutic opportunities

Alam, Mohammad Shah

doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e13285

Cited by 12 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 185 publications

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“…Since its initial report after 2021, Omicron variants have emerged in multiple sub-lineages that vary in the number of mutations and levels of infectivity ( Alam, 2023 ). BA.1.1 is the first subline with specific mutations, such as R346K in the S protein that causes immune evasion ( Mannar et al., 2022 ).…”

Section: Evolution Of the Omicron Variantsmentioning

confidence: 99%

An updated review of epidemiological characteristics, immune escape, and therapeutic advances of SARS-CoV-2 Omicron XBB.1.5 and other mutants

Liu,

Li,

Pei

et al. 2023

Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol.

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The rapid evolution of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has led to the emergence of new variants with different genetic profiles, with important implications for public health. The continued emergence of new variants with unique genetic features and potential changes in biological properties poses significant challenges to public health strategies, vaccine development, and therapeutic interventions. Omicron variants have attracted particular attention due to their rapid spread and numerous mutations in key viral proteins. This review aims to provide an updated and comprehensive assessment of the epidemiological characteristics, immune escape potential, and therapeutic advances of the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron XBB.1.5 variant, as well as other variants.

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Section: Evolution Of the Omicron Variantsmentioning

confidence: 99%

An updated review of epidemiological characteristics, immune escape, and therapeutic advances of SARS-CoV-2 Omicron XBB.1.5 and other mutants

Liu,

Li,

Pei

et al. 2023

Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol.

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“…Experimental assessments are performed to understand antibody neutralization and immune responses against Omicron variants, however, Omicron spreads faster, suggesting that Omicron can escape the first line of defense provided by vaccines (7). The possibility of immune escape mechanisms, transmission and fitness on the main Omicron variants have been summarized in some previous literatures (8,9).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Potential immune evasion of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 Omicron variants

Chen,

He,

Liu

et al. 2024

Front. Immunol.

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Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), which is caused by the novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has caused a global pandemic. The Omicron variant (B.1.1.529) was first discovered in November 2021 in specimens collected from Botswana, South Africa. Omicron has become the dominant variant worldwide, and several sublineages or subvariants have been identified recently. Compared to those of other mutants, the Omicron variant has the most highly expressed amino acid mutations, with almost 60 mutations throughout the genome, most of which are in the spike (S) protein, especially in the receptor-binding domain (RBD). These mutations increase the binding affinity of Omicron variants for the ACE2 receptor, and Omicron variants may also lead to immune escape. Despite causing milder symptoms, epidemiological evidence suggests that Omicron variants have exceptionally higher transmissibility, higher rates of reinfection and greater spread than the prototype strain as well as other preceding variants. Additionally, overwhelming amounts of data suggest that the levels of specific neutralization antibodies against Omicron variants decrease in most vaccinated populations, although CD4+ and CD8+ T-cell responses are maintained. Therefore, the mechanisms underlying Omicron variant evasion are still unclear. In this review, we surveyed the current epidemic status and potential immune escape mechanisms of Omicron variants. Especially, we focused on the potential roles of viral epitope mutations, antigenic drift, hybrid immunity, and “original antigenic sin” in mediating immune evasion. These insights might supply more valuable concise information for us to understand the spreading of Omicron variants.

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“…The virus has mutated, evolving into different stains/variants and escaping antibodies. Indeed, vaccines have variant-specific activity and pose challenges for preventing and controlling new variant-associated COVID-19 [ 23 ]. In addition to vaccines, it is indispensable to identify effective therapeutics targeting oxidative stress and cytokine storms that are expected to treat severe COVID-19 patients effectively.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

N-acetylcysteine reduces severity and mortality in COVID-19 patients: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Alam,

Hasan,

Maowa

et al. 2023

J Adv Vet Anim Res

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Objectives: Recent clinical studies suggest that oxidative stress is one of the key players in the pathogenesis of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), and N-acetylcysteine (NAC), a potent anti¬oxidant, has been shown to improve clinical outcomes in COVID-19 patients. We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of the literature published on the therapeutic intervention of NAC on COVID-19 infection. Methods: We searched PubMed, Google Scholar, and Science Direct. We identified and screened eight studies with 20,503 participants, including 2,852 in the NAC-treated group and 17,651 in the placebo group, which reported the effect of NAC on COVID-19 infection. A meta-analysis was performed using forest plots under fixed effect estimates based on the standardized mean difference (SMD) and risk ratio (RR). Results: Pooled analysis showed that NAC was associated with lower mortality in patients with COVID-19 compared with the placebo group [RR, 0.65; (95% CI: 0.56 to 0.75); p < 0.0001]. Similarly, C-reactive protein (CRP) [SMD, −0.32; (95% CI: −56 to −0.09); p = 0.0070] and D-dimer [SMD, −0.35, (95% CI: −0.59 to −0.10; p = 0.0062] levels were significantly decreased, and the oxygenation marker, PaO2/FiO2 ratio, was increased in the NAC-treated group compared with the placebo group [SMD, 0.76; (95% CI: 0.48 to 1.03); p < 0.0001]. Conclusion: Although the number of included studies was minimal, this meta-analysis suggests that NAC may have a positive effect on COVID-19 outcomes, specifically, a significant decrease in CRP and D-dimer levels and a significant increase in oxygen saturation, which decreased mortality. We have also presented a comprehensive review of the role and mechanisms of NAC in patients with COVID-19.

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Insight into SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant immune escape possibility and variant independent potential therapeutic opportunities

Cited by 12 publications

References 185 publications

An updated review of epidemiological characteristics, immune escape, and therapeutic advances of SARS-CoV-2 Omicron XBB.1.5 and other mutants

An updated review of epidemiological characteristics, immune escape, and therapeutic advances of SARS-CoV-2 Omicron XBB.1.5 and other mutants

Potential immune evasion of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 Omicron variants

N-acetylcysteine reduces severity and mortality in COVID-19 patients: A systematic review and meta-analysis

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