Insights from the proteome profile of Phytophthora capsici in response to the novel fungicide SYP-14288

Abstract

Phytophthora capsica is a destructive oomycete plant pathogen that causes huge losses to crop production worldwide. However, the novel fungicide SYP-14288 has shown excellent activity against various stages of the oomycete life cycle as well against fungal plant pathogens. The current study utilized isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantitation technology to generate proteome profiles of P. capsici in the presence or absence of SYP-14288 in order to gain a greater understanding of the SYP-14288 mode of action. A total of 1,443 individual proteins were identified during the investigation, of which 599 were considered to have significantly altered expression. Further investigation using Cluster of Orthologous Groups of proteins analysis and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathway analysis indicated most of the proteins with altered expression were associated with carbohydrate metabolism, energy metabolism and their downstream biological functions, especially with regard to oxidoreductase activity and subsequent adenosine triphosphate (ATP) production associated pathways. Quantitative expression analysis using qRT-PCR validated the proteomic data. These results seem to indicate that SYP-14288 treatment caused a shift in energy metabolism that resulted in the activation of compensatory mechanisms affecting carbohydrate and lipid metabolism. The study also found evidence that the up-regulation of transmembrane transporters and proteins associated with stress response might also be coopted to compensate for the disrupted proton gradient and other downstream effects. Taken together these results provide strong evidence that SYP-14288 has a similar mode of action to the oxidative phosphorylation uncoupler Fluazinam but further investigation, including molecular studies, is required to completely characterize the SYP-14288 mode of action in P. capsici. However, the proteomic data collected in the current study does provide important insight into the overall effect of SYP-14288 in P. capsici, which could be useful for the registration and application of this novel fungicide.

Resistance assessment for SYP‐14288 in Phytophthora capsici and changes in mitochondria electric potential‐associated respiration and ATP production confers resistance

“…It has been shown to effectively accelerate respiration and inhibit ATP biosynthesis in P. capsici . Proteomics analysis suggests that SYP‐14288 could efficiently cause a shift in energy metabolism, resulting in the activation of compensatory mechanisms affecting carbohydrate and lipid metabolism . The chemical structure of SYP‐14288 is similar to that of a typical uncoupler, fluazinam, and SYP‐14288 has been demonstrated to be an uncoupler of oxidative phosphorylation.…”

“…Although it has been used for over 30 years, only a few field populations with fluazinam resistance have been reported . With higher bioactivity and lower cost, as well as being more environmentally friendly [with a median lethal dose (LD 50 ) of > 5000 mg kg −1 for acute oral toxicity and > 2000 mg kg −1 for acute percutaneous toxicity in rats, respectively (Liu, unpublished)], SYP‐14288 could be a better alternative than fluazinam to control plant diseases …”

“…For these fungicides, biochemical pathways might be the cause of resistance . SYP‐14288, which is speculated to have no definite target protein in its target pathogens, is a good model for discovering the resistance mechanism at the biochemical level.…”

Metabolic Fingerprinting for Identifying the Mode of Action of the Fungicide SYP-14288 on Rhizoctonia solani

“…Many fungicides have been applied in controlling R. solani . The fungicide SYP-14288, or 2,4-dinitro-5-chloro-[1-(2,6-dichloro-4-nitroaniline)]-toluene (Sinochem Agrochemicals R&D Co., Ltd., Shenyang, China), exhibits a high level of fungitoxicity against R. solani and many other pathogens ( Lan et al, 2012 ; Cai et al, 2019 ). Since it has been internationally patented, we anticipate that it will have great potential use and large market share for field disease control ( Zhang and Liang, 2017 ).…”

The Differential Growth Inhibition of Phytophthora spp. Caused by the Rare Sugar Tagatose Is Associated With Species-Specific Metabolic and Transcriptional Changes

“…Likewise, the growth inhibition of Phytophthora spp. caused by biological products (melatonin) and fungicides (e.g., ethylicin and SYP-14288) was previously associated with the inhibition of amino acid metabolism and protein synthesis (Zhang et al, 2017(Zhang et al, , 2020Cai et al, 2019). For example, arginine content was decreased in tagatoseincubated P. infestans and genes involved in arginine biosynthesis (e.g., arginino-succinate synthase) were downregulated.…”