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Unraveling the fundamental mechanisms of sodium ion adsorption behavior is crucial for guiding the design of electrode materials and enhancing the performance of capacitive deionization systems. Herein, the optimization of sodium ion adsorption is systematically investigated through the robust d–d orbital interactions within zinc‐doped iron carbide, facilitated by a novel liquid nitrogen quenching treatment. Liquid nitrogen quenching treatment can enhance the coordination number, strengthen d–d orbital interactions, promote electron transfer, and shift the d‐band center of Fe closer to the Fermi level, thereby enhancing sodium ions adsorption energy. Consequently, the obtained electrode material achieves a superior gravimetric adsorption capacity of 121.1 mg g−1 and attractive cyclic durability. The adsorption capacity is highly competitive compared to the vast majority of related research works in the field of capacitive deionization. Furthermore, sodium ion adsorption/desorption mechanisms are substantiated through ex situ techniques, revealing dynamic atomic and electronic structure evolutions under operational conditions. This work demonstrates that optimizing sodium ion adsorption via robust d–d orbital modulation enabled by liquid nitrogen quenching treatment is an effective approach for developing efficient capacitive deionization electrode materials.
Unraveling the fundamental mechanisms of sodium ion adsorption behavior is crucial for guiding the design of electrode materials and enhancing the performance of capacitive deionization systems. Herein, the optimization of sodium ion adsorption is systematically investigated through the robust d–d orbital interactions within zinc‐doped iron carbide, facilitated by a novel liquid nitrogen quenching treatment. Liquid nitrogen quenching treatment can enhance the coordination number, strengthen d–d orbital interactions, promote electron transfer, and shift the d‐band center of Fe closer to the Fermi level, thereby enhancing sodium ions adsorption energy. Consequently, the obtained electrode material achieves a superior gravimetric adsorption capacity of 121.1 mg g−1 and attractive cyclic durability. The adsorption capacity is highly competitive compared to the vast majority of related research works in the field of capacitive deionization. Furthermore, sodium ion adsorption/desorption mechanisms are substantiated through ex situ techniques, revealing dynamic atomic and electronic structure evolutions under operational conditions. This work demonstrates that optimizing sodium ion adsorption via robust d–d orbital modulation enabled by liquid nitrogen quenching treatment is an effective approach for developing efficient capacitive deionization electrode materials.
Over the past few decades, the demand for lithium resources has increased significantly with the rapid development and extensive application of lithium‐ion batteries. Extracting lithium from salt‐lake brine is of significance because of its abundance in brines. Common methods for directly extracting lithium from salt lakes include precipitation, electrodialysis, and photothermal evaporation. Among these methods, lithium extraction using photothermal evaporation is considered an efficient and clean approach to addressing lithium shortages. In recent years, a lot of progress is made regarding lithium extraction with photothermal evaporation, so it is urgent to review the mechanistic basis and application of lithium extraction with photothermal evaporation. In this review, first, the mechanism of lithium extraction with photothermal evaporation is fully summarized, involving membrane separation, lithium‐ion sieves, and separated crystallization. Second, a series of strategies for designing various evaporators with highly efficient lithium adsorption characteristics based on photothermal materials are further discussed in detail. Finally, recommendations and perspectives on the larger‐scale development of lithium adsorbents by photothermal evaporation are proposed. Overall, this review not only offers in‐depth insight into lithium extraction from brines with low Li+ concentration, but also inspires the development and design of next‐generation lithium extraction evaporators with unprecedented properties.
Uranium extraction from seawater (UES) is crucial for ensuring the sustainable development of nuclear power and has seen significant advancements in recent years. However, natural seawater is a highly complex biogeochemical system, characterized by an extremely low uranium (U) concentration (≈3.3 µg L−1), abundant competitive ions, and significant marine biological pollution, making UES a formidable challenge. This review addresses the challenges encountered in UES and explores potential methods for enhancing the industrial UES system, including membrane separation, electrochemistry, photocatalysis, and biosorption. Additionally, several representative marine tests are summarized and restrictive factors of large‐scale UES are analyzed. Finally, the further development of UES from laboratory to industry applications is promoted, with a focus on technological innovation. The goal is to stimulate innovative ideas and provide fresh insights for the future development of the UES system, bridging the gap between laboratory research and industrial implementation.
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