Insights into Hepatocellular Carcinoma in Patients with Thalassemia: From Pathophysiology to Novel Therapies

Abstract

Thalassemia is a heterogeneous congenital hemoglobinopathy common in the Mediterranean region, Middle East, Indian subcontinent, and Southeast Asia with increasing incidence in Northern Europe and North America due to immigration. Iron overloading is one of the major long-term complications in patients with thalassemia and can lead to organ damage and carcinogenesis. Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most common malignancies in both transfusion-dependent thalassemia (TDT) and non-transfusion-dependent thalassemia (NTDT). The incidence of HCC in patients with thalassemia has increased over time, as better chelation therapy confers a sufficiently long lifespan for the development of HCC. The mechanisms of iron-overloading-associated HCC development include the increased reactive oxygen species (ROS), inflammation cytokines, dysregulated hepcidin, and ferroportin metabolism. The treatment of HCC in patients with thalassemia was basically similar to those in general population. However, due to the younger age of HCC onset in thalassemia, regular surveillance for HCC development is mandatory in TDT and NTDT. Other supplemental therapies and experiences of novel treatments for HCC in the thalassemia population were also reviewed in this article.

Insights into Hepatocellular Carcinoma: From Pathophysiology to Novel Therapies

“…HCC incidence is also increased in thalassemic patients, where hepatic iron overload may lead to liver fibrosis, cirrhosis, and finally tumor development. The review by Lin et al discusses the pathogenesis and the current perspective on HCC surveillance and management in patients with thalassemia [9]. Another disease that may increase the risk for HCC development is primary biliary cholangitis (PBC), a chronic autoimmune liver disease characterized by the immune-mediated destruction of bile ducts.…”