Insights into the degradation and detoxication mechanisms of aqueous capecitabine in electrochemical oxidation process

Anticancer drugs in the environment: environmental levels and technological challenges

“…A similar efficiency was achieved for 5-fluorouracil when a recirculating split-flow batch reactor was applied, but higher values (.95%) were registered for cyclophosphamide and ifosfamide (Pieczyńska et al, 2019). Capecitabine in aqueous solution (Milli-Q water) was successfully degraded (removal efficiency 93%) with a Ti/SnO 2 -Sb/Ce-PbO 2 anode (Xu et al, 2020). Also, similar efficiency values were obtained by Barışc ¸ı et al (2018) when using a Ti/IrO 2 -RuO 2 electrode (85%) and by Tang et al (2020) with a Ti/SnO 2 -Sb/Ce-PbO 2 electrode (.98%), from the same medium.…”

“…Chemical treatments comprise oxidizing agents that generate hypochlorite (Yadav et al, 2021;Zhang & Lim, 2020). These include, for example, NaOCl, NaMnO 4 , KMnO 4 , H 2 O 2 and Fenton's reagent, often used in electrolysis, and ozonation (Barışc ¸ı et al, 2018;Barzan et al, 2019;Chen et al, 2019;Crisnic et al, 2020;Fabiańska et al, 2015;Ferreira Garcia et al, 2020;Garcia-Ac et al, 2010;Hansel et al, 1996;Hernández et al, 2008;Hirose et al, 2005;Kobayashi et al, 2012;Li et al, 2016;Lin et al, 2015;Ochoa-Chavez et al, 2018;Pieczyńska et al, 2019;Siedlecka et al, 2018;Xu et al, 2020).…”

Abatement of Anticancer Drugs via Electrochemical Oxidation Process: A Review

“…Use of inactive anodes like graphite might solve this problem as this electrode is inexpensive and widely used for organic pollutant removal. Graphite in presence of sodium chloride as an electrolyte, generate chlorine oxidants and was reported to eliminate 90% of cytarabine from aqueous solution [34] The presence of anions in solution matrix also affect the degradation process, as anions like nitrite inhibit the oxidation process, while Cl-ions accelerate the oxidation rate [33]. The application of ECPs probably enhanced the biodegradability of such complex compounds.…”

Impact of Anode Materials on Electrochemical Degradation of Carbamazepine: A Case Study of Producing the Main By-Product 10,11-Epoxycarbamazepine after Electrochemical Degradation of Carbamazepine

“…Based on the findings from the literature, it is necessary to look for alternative technology that participates in developing cost-effective treatment methods. It is very well known that advanced oxidation approaches are effective and promising methods to oxidize carbamazepine which is attributed to the high potential of hydroxyl radical (E° = 2.7 V vs. Standard Hydrogen Electrode (SHE)) [13][14]. Hydroxyl radicals can react non-selectively with organic pollutants at ambient temperature and pressure [15][16][17].…”

“…Photocatalysis [18][19], electro-Fenton [20], UV/chlorine [21], electrochemical oxidation [22], and other techniques [23], have been used as effective options for the degradation of CBZ. The electrochemical oxidation process is one of the advanced oxidation methods that have high efficiency for the degradation of pollutants and good environmental compatibility, so it encourages a promising technology for the elimination of organic pollutants from water bodies [14].…”