Insights into the effectiveness of synthetic and natural additives in improving biodiesel oxidation stability

Lau, Chi Hou; Gan, Suyin; Lau, Harrison Lik Nang; Lee, Lai Yee; Thangalazhy‐Gopakumar, Suchithra; Ng, Hoon Kiat

doi:10.1016/j.seta.2022.102296

Cited by 18 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 93 publications

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“…11,21−24 Naturally occurring antioxidants such as α-tocopherol have been found to be less effective than synthetic antioxidants. 22,24,25 Antioxidant effectiveness is a rating of the increase in IP per unit of compound added; higher effectiveness means that a lower dose rate is required to reach a target IP value. 25 There have been numerous studies on the response of biodiesel and biodiesel blends' IPs to common antioxidants.…”

Section: ■ Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The stability of B100 and its blends with hydrocarbon fuels can be enhanced with the use of antioxidant additives that act as radical scavengers, shutting down oxidation. ,− Naturally occurring antioxidants such as α-tocopherol have been found to be less effective than synthetic antioxidants. ,, Antioxidant effectiveness is a rating of the increase in IP per unit of compound added; higher effectiveness means that a lower dose rate is required to reach a target IP value . There have been numerous studies on the response of biodiesel and biodiesel blends’ IPs to common antioxidants. − Synthetic antioxidants studied for use in biodiesel have largely been hindered phenols and can be broadly categorized into polar and nonpolar, with the more polar (and hence less hydrocarbon-soluble) antioxidants being the most effective in B100 …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Water Contamination Impacts on Biodiesel Antioxidants and Storage Stability

Christensen

McCormick

2023

Energy Fuels

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Biodiesel (fatty acid methyl esters) can oxidize in storage to form acids and gums that negatively impact engine performance and durability. Antioxidant additives are used to increase biodiesel storage stability, and previous studies that evaluated the effectiveness of antioxidants demonstrated that more polar antioxidants tend to be the most effective (provide the largest improvement in stability per unit of antioxidant added). However, polar antioxidants have significant water solubility, and diesel fuel storage tanks are commonly contaminated with water (forming a layer of water under the fuel). This study investigates whether nonpolar antioxidants, which are less effective in dry environments, might be more effective under wet conditions simulating real-world storage. Biodiesel blends treated with polar and nonpolar antioxidants were subjected to accelerated aging using the ASTM D4625 protocol (storage at 43 °C, open to air, for up to 24 weeks) both with and without added water. Fuels treated with polar/highereffectiveness compounds and stored in contact with water (simulating water in a storage tank) or high humidity showed accelerated loss of stability compared to dry storage. The same fuel treated with a nonpolar antioxidant and stored in the same conditions did not exhibit accelerated stability loss and thus had higher storage stability over the long term despite treatment with an initially less effective additive. Analysis of the fuels during aging showed that this loss of stability was not due to oxidation but rather extraction of the polar antioxidant into the water layer. Antioxidant additives that are incompatible with wet or humid storage conditions were found to cause faster-than-anticipated loss of stability, which was preventable with use of nonpolar additives.

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Section: ■ Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Water Contamination Impacts on Biodiesel Antioxidants and Storage Stability

Christensen

McCormick

2023

Energy Fuels

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“…Biodiesel is an environmental friendly alternative to fossil fuels for compression ignition (CI) engines, as it resembles fossil-derived diesel, provides less harmful emissions, and has the inherent advantages of being renewable and biodegradable. − Biodiesel is composed of a mixture of fatty acid methyl (or ethyl) esters (FAME/FAEE) generally obtained from the transesterification reaction of vegetable oils, waste cooking oil, or animal fats with an alcohol (methanol or ethanol) in the presence of a catalyst . One of the main challenges for the commercial use of biodiesel is its higher tendency to oxidative degradation than fossil fuels . The biodiesel degree of instability depends on the fatty acid profile of the produced FAMEs/FAEEs, the number of intrinsic natural antioxidants, solubility, type of chemical structure, activation energy, and redox-reaction potentials, among others .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The biodiesel degree of instability depends on the fatty acid profile of the produced FAMEs/FAEEs, the number of intrinsic natural antioxidants, solubility, type of chemical structure, activation energy, and redox-reaction potentials, among others . These properties often determine the biodiesel strengths to resist storage conditions such as light, air, heat, and metal ions, since its degradation occurs through a series of classical free radical chain reactions and makes biodiesel storage for medium–long term use a challenge for the industrial and scientific community. , The oxidation process occurs in three consecutive steps categorized as initiation, propagation, and termination. The initiation, step 1, can be triggered by thermal decomposition of the hydrocarbon RH or by its reaction with a chemical initiator.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Vineyard Pruning Extracts as Natural Antioxidants for Biodiesel Stability: Experimental Tests and Preliminary Life Cycle Assessment

Dorosh

Surra

Eusébio

et al. 2023

ACS Sustainable Chem. Eng.

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The control of the oxidative stability of biodiesel and blends of biodiesel with diesel is one of the major concerns of the biofuel industry. The oxidative degradation of biodiesel can be accelerated by several factors, and this is most critical in the so-called second generation biodiesel, which is produced from low-cost raw materials with lower environmental impacts. The addition of antioxidants is imperative to ensure the oxidative stability of biodiesel, and these are considered products of high commercial value. The antioxidants currently available on the market are from synthetic origin, so the existence/availability of alternative antioxidants of natural origin (less dependent on fossil sources) at a competitive price presents itself as a strong business opportunity. This work describes and characterizes a sustainable alternative to synthetic antioxidants used in the biodiesel market developed from extracts of vineyard pruning waste (VPW), which are naturally rich in phenolic compounds with antioxidant properties. A hydrothermal extraction process was applied as a more efficient and sustainable technology than the conventional one with the potential of the extracts as antioxidant additives in biodiesel evaluated in Rancitech equipment. The VPW extract showed comparable antioxidant activity as the commercial antioxidant butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) typically used in biodiesel. The stability of the biodiesel is dependent from the amount of the extract added. Further, for the first time, the assessment of the environmental impacts of using natural extracts to control the oxidative stability of biodiesel in the production process is also discussed as a key factor of the process environmental sustainability.

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“…Still, it could also participate in reactions, giving rise to stable products, disfavoring the degradation process both ways. In several studies, biodiesel antioxidant addition in diverse treatment rates ,,– was analyzed, demonstrating the effectiveness of the substances in promoting oxidation stability, although they can act differently according to the medium.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%